Lecture 03
Introduction to R
Lecture 03: Tidying your data
Student Name: Live HTML
Student ID:
0.1.0 About Introduction to R
Introduction to R is brought to you by the Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function (CAGEF) bioinformatics training initiative. This course was developed based on feedback on the needs and interests of the Department of Cell & Systems Biology and the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology.
The structure of this course is a code-along style; It is 100% hands on! A few hours prior to each lecture, links to the materials will be available for download at QUERCUS. The teaching materials will consist of an R Markdown Notebook with concepts, comments, instructions, and blank coding spaces that you will fill out with R by coding along with the instructor. Other teaching materials include a live-updating HTML version of the notebook, and datasets to import into R - when required. This learning approach will allow you to spend the time coding and not taking notes!
As we go along, there will be some in-class challenge questions for you to solve either individually or in cooperation with your peers. Post lecture assessments will also be available (see syllabus for grading scheme and percentages of the final mark) through DataCamp to help cement and/or extend what you learn each week.
0.1.1 Where is this course headed?
We’ll take a blank slate approach here to R and assume that you pretty much know nothing about programming. From the beginning of this course to the end, we want to take you from some potential scenarios such as…
A pile of data (like an excel file or tab-separated file) full of experimental observations that you don’t know what to do with it.
Maybe you’re manipulating large tables all in excel, making custom formulas and pivot tables with graphs. Now you have to repeat similar experiments and do the analysis again.
You’re generating high-throughput data and there aren’t any bioinformaticians around to help you sort it out.
You heard about R and what it could do for your data analysis but don’t know what that means or where to start.
and get you to a point where you can…
Format your data correctly for analysis.
Produce basic plots and perform exploratory analysis.
Make functions and scripts for re-analysing existing or new data sets.
Track your experiments in a digital notebook like R Markdown!
0.1.2 How do we get there? Step-by-step.
In the first lesson, we will talk about the basic data structures and objects in R, get cozy with the R Markdown Notebook environment, and learn how to get help when you are stuck because everyone gets stuck - a lot! Then you will learn how to get your data in and out of R, how to tidy our data (data wrangling), and then subset and merge data. After that, we will dig into the data and learn how to make basic plots for both exploratory data analysis and publication. We’ll follow that up with data cleaning and string manipulation; this is really the battleground of coding - getting your data into just the right format where you can analyse it more easily. We’ll then spend a lecture digging into the functions available for the statistical analysis of your data. Lastly, we will learn about control flow and how to write customized functions, which can really save you time and help scale up your analyses.
Don’t forget, the structure of the class is a code-along style: it is fully hands on. At the end of each lecture, the complete notes will be made available in a PDF format through the corresponding Quercus module so you don’t have to spend your attention on taking notes.
0.1.3 What kind of coding style will we learn?
There is no single path correct from A to B - although some paths may be more elegant, or more efficient than others. With that in mind, the emphasis in this lecture series will be on:
- Code simplicity - learn helpful functions that allow you to focus on understanding the basic tenets of good data wrangling (reformatting) to facilitate quick exploratory data analysis and visualization.
- Code readability - format and comment your code for yourself and others so that even those with minimal experience in R will be able to quickly grasp the overall steps in your code.
- Code stability - while the core R code is
relatively stable, behaviours of functions can still change with
updates. There are well-developed packages we’ll focus on for our
analyses. Namely, we’ll become more familiar with the
tidyverseseries of packages. This resource is well-maintained by a large community of developers. While not always the “fastest” approach, this additional layer can help ensure your code still runs (somewhat) smoothly later down the road.
0.2.0 Class Objectives
This is the third in a series of seven lectures. Last lecture we
focused in on manipulating data frames with the help of the
dplyr package. This week we’ll dig deeper into the
tidyverse and how we can clean up our data. At the end of
this session you will be familiar with the principles of tidy data;
subsetting and transforming your data to perform simple calculations;
and converting your data between wide and long formats. Our topics are
broken into:
- Learn tidy data principles and how to convert from wide-format to long-format data.
- Learn how to cut and query our dataset for different information.
- Learn how to revert data back from long-format to wide-format.
- Combine datasets by joining.
0.3.0 A legend for text format in R Markdown
Grey background: Command-line code, R library and function names. Backticks are also use for in-line code.- Italics or Bold italics: Emphasis for important ideas and concepts
- Bold: Headers and subheaders
- Blue text: Named or unnamed hyperlinks
...fill in the code here if you are coding along
Blue box: A key concept that is being introduced
Yellow box: Risk or caution
Green boxes: Recommended reads and resources to learn R
Red boxes: A comprehension question which may or may not involve a coding cell. You usually find these at the end of a section.
0.4.0 Lecture and data files used in this course
0.4.1 Weekly Lecture and skeleton files
Each week, new lesson files will appear within your RStudio folders.
We are pulling from a GitHub repository using this Repository
git-pull link. Simply click on the link and it will take you to the
University of Toronto datatools
Hub. You will need to use your UTORid credentials to complete the
login process. From there you will find each week’s lecture files in the
directory /2024-09-IntroR/Lecture_XX. You will find a
partially coded skeleton.Rmd file as well as all of the
data files necessary to run the week’s lecture.
Alternatively, you can download the R-Markdown Notebook
(.Rmd) and data files from the RStudio server to your
personal computer if you would like to run independently of the Toronto
tools.
0.4.2 Live-coding HTML page
A live lecture version will be available at camok.github.io that will update as the lecture progresses. Be sure to refresh to take a look if you get lost!
0.4.3 Post-lecture PDFs and Recordings
As mentioned above, at the end of each lecture there will be a completed version of the lecture code released as a PDF or HTML file under the Modules section of Quercus.
0.4.4 Microsporidia infection data set description
The following datasets used in this week’s class come from a published manuscript on PLoS Pathogens entitled “High-throughput phenotyping of infection by diverse microsporidia species reveals a wild C. elegans strain with opposing resistance and susceptibility traits” by Mok et al., 2023. These datasets focus on the an analysis of infection in wild isolate strains of the nematode C. elegans by environmental pathogens known as microsporidia. The authors collected embryo counts from individual animals in the population after population-wide infection by microsporidia and we’ll spend our next few classes working with the dataset to learn how to format and manipulate it.
0.4.4.1 Dataset 1: /data/embryo_data_wide.csv
This is a comma-separated version of measurements from a series of
experiments where C. elegans strains are infected under
different conditions with one of many possible Nematocida
microsporidia species. Each column name carries unique identifiers for
each experiment while the values represent the presence of mature
spores appearing after spore
infection/replication (1 = yes, 0 = no),
meronts or immature spores (1 = yes, 0 =
no), and the number of embryos present in
each animal observed. These values are separated by an _
symbol.
0.4.4.2 Dataset 2: /data/infection_meta.csv
This is a comma-separated version of the metadata data from our measurements. This dataset tracks information for each experimental condition measured including experimental dates, reagent versions, and sample locations. We’ll use this file to ease our way into importing, manipulating, and exporting in today’s class.
0.4.4.3 Dataset 3: /data/spore_dose_info.csv
This is a comma-separated set of metadata with label information regarding spore doses for specific microsporidia strains. This is empirically determined data describing how total spore amounts relate to physiological response in N2 (lab reference) nematodes in terms of “Mock”, “Low”, “Medium” and “High” doses.
0.4.4.4 Dataset 4: /data/spore_info.txt
This is a tab-separated version of microsporidia metadata. This small table holds information specific to each microsporidia strain such as species names, where it was first identified, where it is observed to infect. You’ll use this in one of our comprehension question sections.
0.4.5 Gapminder dataset description
This data comes from the gapminder package which has an
excerpt of data from gapminder.org circa 2010. It is a dataset we will
use for exploring data and formatting it.
0.4.5.1 Dataset 5: data/gapminder_wide.csv
This file covers variables related to country statistics tracking life expectancy, population size, and GDP per capita over years spanning from 1952 to 2007. We’ll explore this dataset a little at the end of lecture.
0.5.0 Packages Used in This Lesson
The following packages are used in this lesson:
tidyverse(tidyverse installs several packages for you, likedplyr,readr,readxl,tibble, andggplot2)
0.5.1 Quick review for how to install R packages in Anaconda
Open up the Anaconda prompt and use install your packages of interest.
conda install - starting command to call the installer
for anaconda. -c conda-forge - look for the package in the
‘conda-forge’ channel. r-packagename - the name of the
package you’re interested in installing.
Combine the parts into a single command like:
conda install conda-forge r-gapminder
#--------- Install packages to for today's session ----------#
# install.packages("tidyverse", dependencies = TRUE) # This package should already be installed on Jupyter Hub
#--------- Load packages to for today's session ----------#
library(tidyverse)Note that 8 different packages are loaded with the tidyverse, and
that 2 functions from the stats package have been replaced
(superceded) by functions of the same name by dplyr. Note
that you can still access the stats version of the function
by calling it directly as stats::filter().
0.6.0 Data basics: The wide and long formats
0.6.1 Definitions:
- Variable: A part of an experiment that can be controlled, changed, or measured.
- Observation: The results of measuring the variables of interest in an experiment.
0.6.2 Wide versus long format
Wide and long (sometimes un-stacked and stacked, or wide and tall, wide and narrow), are terms used to describe how a dataset is formatted.
In a long formatted dataset, each column is a variable and the results of each measured variable are stored in rows (observations). In contrast, not every column in wide formatted data is necessarily a variable so you can have several observations of the same type of variable in the same row. The names long and wide come from the general shape that the two data formats have.
For data science applications, long format is preferred over wide format because it allows for easier and more efficient computations, data subsetting and manipulation. Wide format is more friendly to the human eye and easier to work with when data needs to be manually recorded/input. Therefore, having the ability to interconvert between these two data formats is a valuable and required skill. The following is a general scheme of wide- (left) and long-format (right) datasets:
While more readable and technically more compact, the wide data format is not easily parsed for data analysis compared to the long data format.
Why can’t computers think like we do? To read more about wide and long formats, visit this blog post on spreadsheet thinking versus database thinking.
0.7.0 Some data preparation
In this lesson we want to answer 3 simple questions from our data:
How much variation in mean embryo production exists between uninfected samples of C. elegans strains?
Which microsporidia does N2 interact most poorly with?
Which worm strain has the worst looking interactions across all microsporidia strains?
Last lesson, we learned how to filter and select data subsets we were interested in. However, we can make data manipulation more efficient by controlling the overall structure or format of our data.
This week we will begin by importing a wide-format version of our infection data. Let’s read in our measurements, store it in a variable, and remind ourselves about the original structure.
# Always check where you are first!
getwd()## [1] "C:/Users/mokca/Dropbox/!CAGEF/Course_Materials/Introduction_to_R/2024.09_Intro_to_R/lecture_03_tidy_data"list.files("data/")## [1] "data_old" "embryo_data_long_merged.csv"
## [3] "embryo_data_wide.csv" "embryo_data_wide_remade.csv"
## [5] "gapminder_long.csv" "gapminder_wide.csv"
## [7] "infection_meta.csv" "spore_dose_info.csv"
## [9] "spore_info.txt"# Read in our file.
# Remember we're using the tidyverse to import our data!
embryos.df <- read_csv("data/embryo_data_wide.csv")## [1mRows: [22m[34m154[39m [1mColumns: [22m[34m301[39m
## [36m--[39m [1mColumn specification[22m [36m------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------[39m
## [1mDelimiter:[22m ","
## [31mchr[39m (300): 200707_N2_LUAm1_0M_72hpi, 200707_N2_LUAm1_10M_72hpi, 200707_JU140...
## [32mdbl[39m (1): worm.number
##
## [36mi[39m Use `spec()` to retrieve the full column specification for this data.
## [36mi[39m Specify the column types or set `show_col_types = FALSE` to quiet this message.# Take a look at the head and structure of your data
head(embryos.df)## [90m# A tibble: 6 x 301[39m
## worm.number `200707_N2_LUAm1_0M_72hpi` `200707_N2_LUAm1_10M_72hpi`
## [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m
## [90m1[39m 1 0_0_18 0_1_7
## [90m2[39m 2 0_0_18 0_1_3
## [90m3[39m 3 0_0_9 0_1_10
## [90m4[39m 4 0_0_15 0_1_8
## [90m5[39m 5 0_0_15 0_1_14
## [90m6[39m 6 0_0_12 0_1_9
## [90m# i 298 more variables: `200707_JU1400_LUAm1_0M_72hpi` <chr>,[39m
## [90m# `200707_JU1400_LUAm1_10M_72hpi` <chr>,[39m
## [90m# `200707_ED3052A_LUAm1_0M_72hpi` <chr>,[39m
## [90m# `200707_ED3052A_LUAm1_10M_72hpi` <chr>,[39m
## [90m# `200707_ED3052B_LUAm1_0M_72hpi` <chr>,[39m
## [90m# `200707_ED3052B_LUAm1_10M_72hpi` <chr>, `200707_MY1_LUAm1_0M_72hpi` <chr>,[39m
## [90m# `200707_MY1_LUAm1_10M_72hpi` <chr>, `200707_N2_MAM1_4M_72hpi` <chr>, ...[39mstr(embryos.df, give.attr = FALSE, list.len = 20) # Use the give.attr parameter to make it a little less verbose## spc_tbl_ [154 x 301] (S3: spec_tbl_df/tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
## $ worm.number : num [1:154] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ...
## $ 200707_N2_LUAm1_0M_72hpi : chr [1:154] "0_0_18" "0_0_18" "0_0_9" "0_0_15" ...
## $ 200707_N2_LUAm1_10M_72hpi : chr [1:154] "0_1_7" "0_1_3" "0_1_10" "0_1_8" ...
## $ 200707_JU1400_LUAm1_0M_72hpi : chr [1:154] "0_0_10" "0_0_9" "0_0_13" "0_0_10" ...
## $ 200707_JU1400_LUAm1_10M_72hpi : chr [1:154] "0_1_0" "0_1_0" "0_1_0" "0_1_0" ...
## $ 200707_ED3052A_LUAm1_0M_72hpi : chr [1:154] "0_0_12" "0_0_11" "0_0_14" "0_0_11" ...
## $ 200707_ED3052A_LUAm1_10M_72hpi : chr [1:154] "0_1_0" "0_1_0" "0_1_1" "0_1_3" ...
## $ 200707_ED3052B_LUAm1_0M_72hpi : chr [1:154] "0_0_5" "0_0_12" "0_0_11" "0_0_9" ...
## $ 200707_ED3052B_LUAm1_10M_72hpi : chr [1:154] "0_1_9" "0_1_2" "0_1_4" "0_1_0" ...
## $ 200707_MY1_LUAm1_0M_72hpi : chr [1:154] "0_0_11" "0_0_9" "0_0_10" "0_0_11" ...
## $ 200707_MY1_LUAm1_10M_72hpi : chr [1:154] "0_1_0" "0_1_0" "0_1_1" "0_1_0" ...
## $ 200707_N2_MAM1_4M_72hpi : chr [1:154] "0_1_15" "0_1_18" "0_1_15" "0_1_13" ...
## $ 200707_JU1400_MAM1_4M_72hpi : chr [1:154] "1_1_2" "1_1_3" "0_0_8" "0_1_4" ...
## $ 200707_N2_LUAm3_10M_72hpi : chr [1:154] "0_1_27" "0_0_7" "0_1_16" "0_1_12" ...
## $ 200707_JU1400_LUAm3_10M_72hpi : chr [1:154] "0_1_0" "0_1_0" "0_1_0" "0_1_0" ...
## $ 200707_N2_AWRm78_3.5M_72hpi : chr [1:154] "1_1_15" "1_1_4" "1_1_23" "1_1_18" ...
## $ 200707_JU1400_AWRm78_3.5M_72hpi : chr [1:154] "0_1_0" "0_0_0" "0_1_3" "1_1_4" ...
## $ 200707_N2_ERTm5_1.75M_72hpi : chr [1:154] "1_1_9" "0_1_13" "0_1_0" "1_1_8" ...
## $ 200707_N2_ERTm5_3.5M_72hpi : chr [1:154] "1_1_1" "1_1_4" "0_1_12" "1_1_13" ...
## $ 200707_JU1400_ERTm5_1.75M_72hpi : chr [1:154] "0_0_3" "0_0_3" "0_0_5" "0_1_8" ...
## [list output truncated] # this is nearly equivalent now to glimpse(data)To summarize, we see 154 rows of data, each with 301 columns. Our
goal is, with a little information from our
infection_meta.csv file, we will do the following:
We’ll spend a good portion of today’s lecture getting here!
1.0.0 Introduction to tidy data
Why tidy data?
Data cleaning (or dealing with ‘messy’ data, aka data wrangling) accounts for a huge chunk of a data scientist’s time. Ultimately, we want to get our data into a ‘tidy’ format (long format) where it is easy to manipulate, model and visualize. Having a consistent data structure and tools that work with that data structure can help this process along.
In Tidy data:
- Each variable forms a column.
- Each observation forms a row.
- Each type of observational unit forms a table.
This seems pretty straight forward, and it is. The datasets you get, however, will not be straightforward. Having a map of where to take your data is helpful in unraveling its structure and getting it into a usable format.
Observational units: Of the three rules, the idea of observational units might be the hardest to grasp. As an example, you may be tracking a puppy population across 4 variables: age, height, weight, and fur colour. Each observation unit is a puppy. However, you might be tracking these puppies across multiple measurement periods - so a time factor applies. In that case, the observation unit now becomes puppy-time. In that case, each puppy-time measurement belongs in a different table (at least by tidy data standards). This, however, is a simple example and things can get more complex when taking into consideration what defines an observational unit. Check out this blog post by Claus O. Wilke for a little more explanation.
The 5 most common problems with messy datasets are:
- common headers are values, not variable names.
- multiple variables are stored in one column.
- variables are stored in both rows and columns.
- a single variable stored across multiple tables.
- multiple types of observational units stored in the same table.
Fortunately there are some tools available to solve these problems.
1.1.0 Visualizing the tidyverse
The tidyverse is the universe of packages created by Hadley Wickham
for data analysis. There are packages to help import, tidy, transform,
model and visualize data. His packages are pretty popular, so he made a
package to load all of his packages at once. This wrapper package is
tidyverse. In this lecture series we have already used
dplyr, readr and readxl, and we
will be using dplyr and tidyr today.
Hadley has a large fan-base. Someone even made a plot of Hadley using
his own package, ggplot2.
Before we dig into things, let’s perform some exploratory observations on this unfamiliar data.
# Let's review our data again
# From the top
head(embryos.df)## [90m# A tibble: 6 x 301[39m
## worm.number `200707_N2_LUAm1_0M_72hpi` `200707_N2_LUAm1_10M_72hpi`
## [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m
## [90m1[39m 1 0_0_18 0_1_7
## [90m2[39m 2 0_0_18 0_1_3
## [90m3[39m 3 0_0_9 0_1_10
## [90m4[39m 4 0_0_15 0_1_8
## [90m5[39m 5 0_0_15 0_1_14
## [90m6[39m 6 0_0_12 0_1_9
## [90m# i 298 more variables: `200707_JU1400_LUAm1_0M_72hpi` <chr>,[39m
## [90m# `200707_JU1400_LUAm1_10M_72hpi` <chr>,[39m
## [90m# `200707_ED3052A_LUAm1_0M_72hpi` <chr>,[39m
## [90m# `200707_ED3052A_LUAm1_10M_72hpi` <chr>,[39m
## [90m# `200707_ED3052B_LUAm1_0M_72hpi` <chr>,[39m
## [90m# `200707_ED3052B_LUAm1_10M_72hpi` <chr>, `200707_MY1_LUAm1_0M_72hpi` <chr>,[39m
## [90m# `200707_MY1_LUAm1_10M_72hpi` <chr>, `200707_N2_MAM1_4M_72hpi` <chr>, ...[39m# And from the bottom
tail(embryos.df)## [90m# A tibble: 6 x 301[39m
## worm.number `200707_N2_LUAm1_0M_72hpi` `200707_N2_LUAm1_10M_72hpi`
## [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m
## [90m1[39m 149 [31mNA[39m [31mNA[39m
## [90m2[39m 150 [31mNA[39m [31mNA[39m
## [90m3[39m 151 [31mNA[39m [31mNA[39m
## [90m4[39m 152 [31mNA[39m [31mNA[39m
## [90m5[39m 153 [31mNA[39m [31mNA[39m
## [90m6[39m 154 [31mNA[39m [31mNA[39m
## [90m# i 298 more variables: `200707_JU1400_LUAm1_0M_72hpi` <chr>,[39m
## [90m# `200707_JU1400_LUAm1_10M_72hpi` <chr>,[39m
## [90m# `200707_ED3052A_LUAm1_0M_72hpi` <chr>,[39m
## [90m# `200707_ED3052A_LUAm1_10M_72hpi` <chr>,[39m
## [90m# `200707_ED3052B_LUAm1_0M_72hpi` <chr>,[39m
## [90m# `200707_ED3052B_LUAm1_10M_72hpi` <chr>, `200707_MY1_LUAm1_0M_72hpi` <chr>,[39m
## [90m# `200707_MY1_LUAm1_10M_72hpi` <chr>, `200707_N2_MAM1_4M_72hpi` <chr>, ...[39m1.2.0 Assessing our data frame
We see a single column denoted as worm.number which we
can use to identify each observation (worm measured) from each group.
This will be some common information across each column.
Which tidy data rules might our data frame break?
At first glance we can see that the column names are actually 5
different variables: dateInfected, wormStrain,
sporeStrain, sporeDose, and
expTimepoint. Taken together these basic experimental
parameters uniquely identify each dataset (ie columns) within our
measurements.
We could keep the column names as the sample names (as they are
meaningful to the researcher) which combine with
worm.number to make an observational unit. We also have the
option of breaking the experiment information into multiple
new columns (more on that later!) but their data will become redundant
in each observational unit. For now we’ll keep this information together
to use as a “key” to represent each experiment.
We see another instance where multiple variables are encapsulated in
a single column. Within each column we see 3 values representing the
presence (1 = yes, 0 = none) of spores (ie fully mature
microsporidia proliferation), presence of meronts (ie
early-stage microsporidia proliferation) and the number of C.
elegans embryos (ie maturing progeny of the host).
From our call to tail(), however, we see that many rows
near the end might have NA values. For now we’ll have to leave those
alone but they are the result of importing “ragged
data” where the number of observations (worms measured) in each
column (experiment) may be different.
Overall we see a lot of combined information being stored in single variables (columns) for each experiment so there’s a lot to clean up here. Overall our information is spread across 154x301 (46,354) entries!
1.3.0 Introduction to helpful functions in tidyr
tidyr is a package with functions that help us turn our
‘messy’ data into ‘tidy’ data. It has 2 major workhorse functions and 2
other tidying functions:
pivot_longer- convert a data frame from wide to long formatpivot_wider- convert a data frame from long to wide formatseparate()- split a column into 2 or more columns based on a string separatorunite()- merge 2 or more columns into 1 column using a string separator
Note that pivot_longer() and pivot_wider()
rely on unique key-value pairs to collapse or expand columns.
We’ve already loaded tidyverse which includes the
tidyr package that the pivot_longer() function
is from.
1.3.1 Gather your data from across columns using
pivot_longer()
Previously called the gather() function, the updated
pivot_longer() function is used to collect our columns in a
straightforward way. As the name implies, this will pivot our dataset
from a wide to a long format.
pivot_longer(
data,
cols,
names_to = "name",
names_prefix = NULL,
names_sep = NULL,
names_pattern = NULL,
names_ptypes = list(),
names_transform = list(),
names_repair = "check_unique",
values_to = "value",
values_drop_na = FALSE,
values_ptypes = list(),
values_transform = list(),
...
)We won’t be using all of these arguments from
pivot_longer() but there are a few we’ll highlight
here:
data- our data frame (actually a tibble as we mentioned last class but close enough…)cols- this is set of columns we wish to pivot. For the selected columns, each column name will be combined and stored into a single column whose name we will specify in thenames_toparameter. The values of those columns will be stored in a second column names by thevalues_toparameter. As we’ll see, this will greatly increase the number of observations (rows) in our data. There are many ways to define the parameter for this argument as it conforms to the<tidy-select>format.names_to- a string or character vector used to name the column or columns where we’ll store the column names retrieved from thecolsset.names_sep- ifnames_tois a character vector, this controls how the column names are split apart. We’ll see an example of this later.values_to- this is the name of the column where we’ll store the values retrieved from thecolsset.
We’ve already imported embryo_data_wide.csv and stored
it as the variable embryos.df. Recall it is 154 rows
(worms) and 301 columns for which there are 300 observations coded as
dateInfected_wormStrain_sporeStrain_sporeDose_expTimepoint.
We’ll use pivot_longer() to collect the 300
“observation” columns and convert them into observation
rows. The column names will be stored in a new variable
called experiment and the values from these columns will be
in a variable called spores_meronts_embryos. Any
untransformed columns (ie worm.number) become additional
identifying data for each observation.
For now, we’ll just step through the formatting process using our
%>% piping method from last lecture,
without saving the result into a variable.
# Remember we are piping "data" in as the first argument of pivot_longer
embryos.df %>%
# Use the pivot_longer command
pivot_longer(data = ., # Recall what the "." represents?
cols = 2:301, # The first column is worm.number and we don't need to pivot that
names_to = "experiment", # The variable where we'll store columns names
values_to = "spores_meronts_embryos") %>% # The variable where we'll store column values
# Take a peek at the result
head()## [90m# A tibble: 6 x 3[39m
## worm.number experiment spores_meronts_embryos
## [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m
## [90m1[39m 1 200707_N2_LUAm1_0M_72hpi 0_0_18
## [90m2[39m 1 200707_N2_LUAm1_10M_72hpi 0_1_7
## [90m3[39m 1 200707_JU1400_LUAm1_0M_72hpi 0_0_10
## [90m4[39m 1 200707_JU1400_LUAm1_10M_72hpi 0_1_0
## [90m5[39m 1 200707_ED3052A_LUAm1_0M_72hpi 0_0_12
## [90m6[39m 1 200707_ED3052A_LUAm1_10M_72hpi 0_1_01.3.1.1 <tidy-select> provides many ways to
specify cols in pivot_longer()
If we look at the documentation for the pivot_longer()
function we see that the argument cols uses something
called <tidy-select>. This is an argument modifier
that indicates an additional layer of syntax/functions can be used to
select variables (columns) based on their names or position.
This formatting includes some selection helpers like:
everything(): matches all variables.last_col(): select last variable (or an offset from it).Pattern selection (as we saw in Lecture 02) using
starts_with(),ends_with(),contains(),matches().all_of(): matches variable names in a character vector.
You may also recognize more common <tidy-select>
formats we’ve used like:
:: select on a range.!: take the complement for a set of variables.&and|: take the intersection or union for two sets of variables.c(): provide a combination of variable as a vector.
<tidy-select>: can be used in other tidyverse functions too (i.e. select) and learning the syntax can help simplify more complex data wrangling steps. Learn more over at the tidyverse page!
For now we’ll use some simpler examples to replicate what we did above.
# equivalent to "2:301"
embryos.df %>%
pivot_longer(data = ., cols = c(2:301),
names_to = "experiment",
values_to = "spores_meronts_embryos") %>%
head()## [90m# A tibble: 6 x 3[39m
## worm.number experiment spores_meronts_embryos
## [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m
## [90m1[39m 1 200707_N2_LUAm1_0M_72hpi 0_0_18
## [90m2[39m 1 200707_N2_LUAm1_10M_72hpi 0_1_7
## [90m3[39m 1 200707_JU1400_LUAm1_0M_72hpi 0_0_10
## [90m4[39m 1 200707_JU1400_LUAm1_10M_72hpi 0_1_0
## [90m5[39m 1 200707_ED3052A_LUAm1_0M_72hpi 0_0_12
## [90m6[39m 1 200707_ED3052A_LUAm1_10M_72hpi 0_1_0# Syntax that excludes the first column
embryos.df %>%
pivot_longer(data = ., cols = -1,
names_to = "experiment",
values_to = "spores_meronts_embryos") %>%
head()## [90m# A tibble: 6 x 3[39m
## worm.number experiment spores_meronts_embryos
## [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m
## [90m1[39m 1 200707_N2_LUAm1_0M_72hpi 0_0_18
## [90m2[39m 1 200707_N2_LUAm1_10M_72hpi 0_1_7
## [90m3[39m 1 200707_JU1400_LUAm1_0M_72hpi 0_0_10
## [90m4[39m 1 200707_JU1400_LUAm1_10M_72hpi 0_1_0
## [90m5[39m 1 200707_ED3052A_LUAm1_0M_72hpi 0_0_12
## [90m6[39m 1 200707_ED3052A_LUAm1_10M_72hpi 0_1_0# Syntax to exclude the first column by name
embryos.df %>%
pivot_longer(data = ., cols = -worm.number,
names_to = "experiment",
values_to = "spores_meronts_embryos") %>%
head()## [90m# A tibble: 6 x 3[39m
## worm.number experiment spores_meronts_embryos
## [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m
## [90m1[39m 1 200707_N2_LUAm1_0M_72hpi 0_0_18
## [90m2[39m 1 200707_N2_LUAm1_10M_72hpi 0_1_7
## [90m3[39m 1 200707_JU1400_LUAm1_0M_72hpi 0_0_10
## [90m4[39m 1 200707_JU1400_LUAm1_10M_72hpi 0_1_0
## [90m5[39m 1 200707_ED3052A_LUAm1_0M_72hpi 0_0_12
## [90m6[39m 1 200707_ED3052A_LUAm1_10M_72hpi 0_1_0In the above examples -1 means pivot every column except
the 1st, or pivot every column except worm.number.
worm.number is still retained as a column but its values
are not grouped in with ‘experiment’ as an observation (i.e. we do not
want ‘200707_N2_LUAm1_0M_72hpi’, ‘200707_N2_LUAm1_10M_72hpi’, and
‘worm.number’ pivoted into the same column).
Let’s save the last variation into a data frame (actually a
tibble) called embryo_long.df.
# Assign a variable the result from
embryo_long.df <-
# passing the data
embryos.df %>%
# to pivot_longer
pivot_longer(data = .,
cols = -worm.number,
names_to = "experiment",
values_to = "spores_meronts_embryos")
# Take a look at the result
head(embryo_long.df)## [90m# A tibble: 6 x 3[39m
## worm.number experiment spores_meronts_embryos
## [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m
## [90m1[39m 1 200707_N2_LUAm1_0M_72hpi 0_0_18
## [90m2[39m 1 200707_N2_LUAm1_10M_72hpi 0_1_7
## [90m3[39m 1 200707_JU1400_LUAm1_0M_72hpi 0_0_10
## [90m4[39m 1 200707_JU1400_LUAm1_10M_72hpi 0_1_0
## [90m5[39m 1 200707_ED3052A_LUAm1_0M_72hpi 0_0_12
## [90m6[39m 1 200707_ED3052A_LUAm1_10M_72hpi 0_1_0str(embryo_long.df)## tibble [46,200 x 3] (S3: tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
## $ worm.number : num [1:46200] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
## $ experiment : chr [1:46200] "200707_N2_LUAm1_0M_72hpi" "200707_N2_LUAm1_10M_72hpi" "200707_JU1400_LUAm1_0M_72hpi" "200707_JU1400_LUAm1_10M_72hpi" ...
## $ spores_meronts_embryos: chr [1:46200] "0_0_18" "0_1_7" "0_0_10" "0_1_0" ...1.3.1.2 What have we done using pivot_longer()?
Note how the dimensions of your dataframe have changed relative to
data. Instead of 154 rows and 301 columns, we now have a
data frame with 46,200 rows and 3 columns (which is the 300 columns we
pivoted x 154 rows). embryo_long.df is now in a
long format instead of wide because each row
is an observation for a specific worm in a specific experimental
condition.
It is not, however, quite yet a tidy dataset. Let’s work on remedying that.
1.3.2 separate() can split variables into multiple
columns by specifying a text delimiter
Recall the information contained in our experiment data?
It is a combination of 5 values: date infected, worm strain,
spore strain, infection dose, measurement
timepoint all separated with “_” between each.
Likewise, our actual measurements for each worm such as the presence of
spores, meronts, and total embryos per animal is combined into a single
column with values also separated by “_”
We can use the separate() function to identify and
retrieve these individual parts of metadata and measurements from our
two variables experiment and
spores_meronts_embryos. The separate()
function takes in your dataframe, the name of the column to be split,
the names of your new columns, and the character that you want to split
the columns by (aka the delimiter and in this case an
underscore _). Note that the default behaviour of this
function is to remove your original column - you can keep it by adding
the argument remove = FALSE, keeping in mind that you now
have redundant data.
separate(
data,
col,
into,
sep = "[^[:alnum:]]+",
remove = TRUE,
convert = FALSE,
extra = "warn",
fill = "warn",
...
)We need to provide separate() with information to help
split our variable.
data- our data frame or tibblecol- the name or position of the column we want to split.into- a character vector of the column names we want as the result of splitting the parametercol.sep- the character sequence used byseparate()to break up the information in each row entry ofcol.remove- logical parameter to keep our the original column after splitting (TRUE = remove)convert- attempt to coerce variable data types based on the content of each.
Let’s start with the experiment variable and then move
on to spores_meronts_embryos.
# Pass the long-format data
embryo_long.df %>%
### 1.3.2-1 Break up the experiment information
separate(data = .,
col = experiment,
into = c("fixingDate", "wormStrain", "sporeStrain", "sporeDose", "expTimepoint"),
sep = "_",
remove = FALSE # Keep the original column!
) %>%
# Take a peek at the result
head()## [90m# A tibble: 6 x 8[39m
## worm.number experiment fixingDate wormStrain sporeStrain sporeDose
## [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m
## [90m1[39m 1 200707_N2_LUAm1_0M_72~ 200707 N2 LUAm1 0M
## [90m2[39m 1 200707_N2_LUAm1_10M_7~ 200707 N2 LUAm1 10M
## [90m3[39m 1 200707_JU1400_LUAm1_0~ 200707 JU1400 LUAm1 0M
## [90m4[39m 1 200707_JU1400_LUAm1_1~ 200707 JU1400 LUAm1 10M
## [90m5[39m 1 200707_ED3052A_LUAm1_~ 200707 ED3052A LUAm1 0M
## [90m6[39m 1 200707_ED3052A_LUAm1_~ 200707 ED3052A LUAm1 10M
## [90m# i 2 more variables: expTimepoint <chr>, spores_meronts_embryos <chr>[39m# Pass the long-format data
embryo_long.df %>%
# 1.3.2-1 Break up the experiment information
separate(data = .,
col = experiment,
into = c("fixingDate", "wormStrain", "sporeStrain", "sporeDose", "expTimepoint"),
sep = "_",
remove = FALSE # Keep the original column!
) %>%
### 1.3.2-2 Break up the measurement data
separate(data = .,
col = spores_meronts_embryos,
into = c("spores", "meronts", "embryos"),
sep = "_",
) %>%
# Take a peek at the result
head()## [90m# A tibble: 6 x 10[39m
## worm.number experiment fixingDate wormStrain sporeStrain sporeDose
## [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m
## [90m1[39m 1 200707_N2_LUAm1_0M_72~ 200707 N2 LUAm1 0M
## [90m2[39m 1 200707_N2_LUAm1_10M_7~ 200707 N2 LUAm1 10M
## [90m3[39m 1 200707_JU1400_LUAm1_0~ 200707 JU1400 LUAm1 0M
## [90m4[39m 1 200707_JU1400_LUAm1_1~ 200707 JU1400 LUAm1 10M
## [90m5[39m 1 200707_ED3052A_LUAm1_~ 200707 ED3052A LUAm1 0M
## [90m6[39m 1 200707_ED3052A_LUAm1_~ 200707 ED3052A LUAm1 10M
## [90m# i 4 more variables: expTimepoint <chr>, spores <chr>, meronts <chr>,[39m
## [90m# embryos <chr>[39m1.3.2.1 Remember to convert your variable types with the
convert parameter
Looking at our output from above there’s one little thing we missed -
our spores, meronts, and embryos
columns are of the character type! You’ll have to consider
when using functions like separate() for yourself - do you
want to automatically convert your split columns to the correct data
type?
The default behaviour of separate() is to convert your
columns to the character data type. You may, however, want
it to try and convert in a less agnostic fashion, but this could also
introduce NA values, so beware! If you are splitting many variables,
however, it may be easier to automatically convert and fix any
inadvertent variable types afterwards.
In this instance we are interested in converting our
spores, meronts and embryos
columns into numeric values during the process. We could also convert
these in another part of our pipeline but let’s see what the
convert logical parameter can do for us.
# Pass the long-format data
embryo_long.df %>%
# 1.3.2-1 Break up the experiment information
separate(data = .,
col = experiment,
into = c("fixingDate", "wormStrain", "sporeStrain", "sporeDose", "expTimepoint"),
sep = "_",
remove = FALSE # Keep the original column!
) %>%
### 1.3.2-2 Break up the measurement data
separate(data = .,
col = spores_meronts_embryos,
into = c("spores", "meronts", "embryos"),
convert = TRUE,
sep = "_",
) %>%
# Take a peek at the result
head()## [90m# A tibble: 6 x 10[39m
## worm.number experiment fixingDate wormStrain sporeStrain sporeDose
## [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m
## [90m1[39m 1 200707_N2_LUAm1_0M_72~ 200707 N2 LUAm1 0M
## [90m2[39m 1 200707_N2_LUAm1_10M_7~ 200707 N2 LUAm1 10M
## [90m3[39m 1 200707_JU1400_LUAm1_0~ 200707 JU1400 LUAm1 0M
## [90m4[39m 1 200707_JU1400_LUAm1_1~ 200707 JU1400 LUAm1 10M
## [90m5[39m 1 200707_ED3052A_LUAm1_~ 200707 ED3052A LUAm1 0M
## [90m6[39m 1 200707_ED3052A_LUAm1_~ 200707 ED3052A LUAm1 10M
## [90m# i 4 more variables: expTimepoint <chr>, spores <int>, meronts <int>,[39m
## [90m# embryos <int>[39m1.3.2.2 Use the mutate function to change your variable
data types
Last lecture we discussed using mutate() to generate
new columns within our tibbles but only mentioned in passing
that this function can also be used to modify columns too.
Let’s use this dataset as an example on how to update/change columns
with mutate rather than make new ones.
Looking at the above structure for embryo_long.df, let’s
convert the spores and meronts variables to
logical values, and at the same time make wormStrain and
sporeStrain into factors and make fixingDate
into an integer value. Remember that we can use the
as.<type>() series of functions to cast our data
types to the desired type.
We’ll save the final result into a new variable
split_embryo_long.df.
# Save the result as a variable
split_embryo_long.df <-
# Pass the long-format data
embryo_long.df %>%
# 1.3.2-1 Break up the experiment information
separate(data = .,
col = experiment,
into = c("fixingDate", "wormStrain", "sporeStrain", "sporeDose", "expTimepoint"),
sep = "_",
remove = FALSE # Keep the original column!
) %>%
# 1.3.2-2 Break up the measurement data
separate(data = .,
col = spores_meronts_embryos,
into = c("spores", "meronts", "embryos"),
convert = TRUE,
sep = "_",
) %>%
### 1.3.2.2 Change the data types for some of our columns
mutate(fixingDate = as.integer(fixingDate),
wormStrain = as.factor(wormStrain),
sporeStrain = as.factor(sporeStrain),
spores = as.logical(spores),
meronts = as.logical(meronts)
)
# Take a peek at the result
str(split_embryo_long.df)## tibble [46,200 x 10] (S3: tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
## $ worm.number : num [1:46200] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
## $ experiment : chr [1:46200] "200707_N2_LUAm1_0M_72hpi" "200707_N2_LUAm1_10M_72hpi" "200707_JU1400_LUAm1_0M_72hpi" "200707_JU1400_LUAm1_10M_72hpi" ...
## $ fixingDate : int [1:46200] 200707 200707 200707 200707 200707 200707 200707 200707 200707 200707 ...
## $ wormStrain : Factor w/ 26 levels "AB1","AWR144",..: 24 24 10 10 8 8 9 9 20 20 ...
## $ sporeStrain : Factor w/ 11 levels "AWRm78","ERTm1",..: 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 ...
## $ sporeDose : chr [1:46200] "0M" "10M" "0M" "10M" ...
## $ expTimepoint: chr [1:46200] "72hpi" "72hpi" "72hpi" "72hpi" ...
## $ spores : logi [1:46200] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE ...
## $ meronts : logi [1:46200] FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE ...
## $ embryos : int [1:46200] 18 7 10 0 12 0 5 9 11 0 ...1.3.2.3 Many paths can lead to one destination:
separate() versus pivot_longer()
We just worked through an excellent example of how to use the
separate() function but in the case of splitting the
experiment variable into 5 new variables, we could have
taken a different approach. Remember back in section
1.3.1 we mentioned the pivot_longer()
argument names_sep. In this situation, the
experiment variable is derived from the column titles we
used in pivot_longer().
With careful consideration, we could combine our above step into the
pivot_longer() step which can do an
internal separate() call under
the hood. This is obviously a common enough occurrence in the data
science community that this feature was added to
pivot_longer().
To use this feature, we just need to specify the new column
information correctly in the names_to parameter along with
our names_sep parameter.
At the same time we’ll try out the names_transform
parameter which will allow us to convert our variable data types to the
type that we want. You’ll note that for each column we wish to change
(similar to a mutate() call, we use the
<var_name> = <function_name> syntax which will
apply function_name to each element in the
var_name variable. Unfortunately there is no such option
for splitting our measured values in the
spores_meronts_embryos variable.
# passing the data
embryos.df %>%
# to pivot_longer
pivot_longer(data = .,
cols = -worm.number,
names_to = c("fixingDate", "wormStrain", "sporeStrain", "sporeDose", "expTimepoint"),
names_sep = "_",
names_transform = list(fixingDate = as.integer, wormStrain = as.factor, sporeStrain = as.factor),
values_to = "spores_meronts_embryos",
) %>%
head()## [90m# A tibble: 6 x 7[39m
## worm.number fixingDate wormStrain sporeStrain sporeDose expTimepoint
## [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m [3m[90m<int>[39m[23m [3m[90m<fct>[39m[23m [3m[90m<fct>[39m[23m [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m
## [90m1[39m 1 [4m2[24m[4m0[24m[4m0[24m707 N2 LUAm1 0M 72hpi
## [90m2[39m 1 [4m2[24m[4m0[24m[4m0[24m707 N2 LUAm1 10M 72hpi
## [90m3[39m 1 [4m2[24m[4m0[24m[4m0[24m707 JU1400 LUAm1 0M 72hpi
## [90m4[39m 1 [4m2[24m[4m0[24m[4m0[24m707 JU1400 LUAm1 10M 72hpi
## [90m5[39m 1 [4m2[24m[4m0[24m[4m0[24m707 ED3052A LUAm1 0M 72hpi
## [90m6[39m 1 [4m2[24m[4m0[24m[4m0[24m707 ED3052A LUAm1 10M 72hpi
## [90m# i 1 more variable: spores_meronts_embryos <chr>[39mSee? Two sets of code, but we get nearly the exact same result! The only major difference being we aren’t able to retain the original experiment column.
Your choice of when/where you want to convert your variables is up to
you. In our particular case, since we want to retain the original
experiment variable it makes more sense to convert
variables in a post-pivot step. Also we have other variables to
convert after separating the experiment variable.
1.3.2.4 Using separate() to quickly remove suffixes or
prefixes from columns
Now, getting back to the current form of our data in
split_embryo_long.df, there are a few things we’d still
like to do such as remove the units from sporeDose and
expTimepoint. One way we can accomplish this is with some
additional uses of the separate() function. In
Lecture 05 we’ll learn other ways to replace this
information with string replacement!
While we are here, we’ll add one more step: filter your embryo data
by removing NA observations! This will reduce our overall
observations to ~15K.
split_embryo_long.df <-
# Practice removing extraneous information like units from a variable
split_embryo_long.df %>%
# Separate the sporeDose column and drop the "M" units
separate(col = sporeDose, into = c("sporeDose"), sep="M", convert=TRUE) %>%
# Separate the expTimepoint column and drop the "hpi" units
separate(col = expTimepoint, into = c("expTimepoint"), sep="hpi", convert=TRUE) %>%
# Why do you think we choose to filter NAs at this later step?
filter(!is.na(embryos))## Warning: [1m[22mExpected 1 pieces. Additional pieces discarded in 46200 rows [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16,
## 17, 18, 19, 20, ...].
## Expected 1 pieces. Additional pieces discarded in 46200 rows [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16,
## 17, 18, 19, 20, ...].# Take a peek at the new result
head(split_embryo_long.df)## [90m# A tibble: 6 x 10[39m
## worm.number experiment fixingDate wormStrain sporeStrain sporeDose
## [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m [3m[90m<int>[39m[23m [3m[90m<fct>[39m[23m [3m[90m<fct>[39m[23m [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m
## [90m1[39m 1 200707_N2_LUAm1_0M_72~ [4m2[24m[4m0[24m[4m0[24m707 N2 LUAm1 0
## [90m2[39m 1 200707_N2_LUAm1_10M_7~ [4m2[24m[4m0[24m[4m0[24m707 N2 LUAm1 10
## [90m3[39m 1 200707_JU1400_LUAm1_0~ [4m2[24m[4m0[24m[4m0[24m707 JU1400 LUAm1 0
## [90m4[39m 1 200707_JU1400_LUAm1_1~ [4m2[24m[4m0[24m[4m0[24m707 JU1400 LUAm1 10
## [90m5[39m 1 200707_ED3052A_LUAm1_~ [4m2[24m[4m0[24m[4m0[24m707 ED3052A LUAm1 0
## [90m6[39m 1 200707_ED3052A_LUAm1_~ [4m2[24m[4m0[24m[4m0[24m707 ED3052A LUAm1 10
## [90m# i 4 more variables: expTimepoint <int>, spores <lgl>, meronts <lgl>,[39m
## [90m# embryos <int>[39mNotice that we’ve triggered a warning from the interpreter. This is
because we asked it to split a column, which should result in at least
two sets of data, but it found nowhere to put
the second set. This applies to the separation of more complex variables
as well. If, for example, your data splits into 4 pieces but you only
have 3 columns supplied, the remaining data will be dropped. Data that
splits into 4 pieces when you expect 5 will produce an NA
value in the 5th column.
How these cases of over- and under-splitting behave, can be
controlled by the extra and fill arguments of
the separate() function.
When do I remove NA values? Last week we worked on replacing or removing NA values as soon as we imported our data. This served a general purpose of cleaning our data before analysis, but this isn’t necessarily our first step in every data wrangling situation! In today’s dataset we began with wide data and waited until after it was in a long-format before removing NA observations.
Since our initial rows were representing multiple experiments, removing any incomplete cases would remove data for many observations. Instead, we waited until observations were separated into a per-experiment basis so their removal did not affect the entire set of observations.
Comprehension Question 1.0.0: Use the glimpse() function to look at the type of each variable in our new data frame, split_embryo_long.df. Are those the types you expected? How is this output different from what you see in the str() function?
# Comprehension Question 1.0.0 run this code cell!
print ("glimpse of our split data")## [1] "glimpse of our split data"glimpse(split_embryo_long.df)## Rows: 15,128
## Columns: 10
## $ worm.number [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, ~
## $ experiment [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m "200707_N2_LUAm1_0M_72hpi", "200707_N2_LUAm1_10M_72hpi", ~
## $ fixingDate [3m[90m<int>[39m[23m 200707, 200707, 200707, 200707, 200707, 200707, 200707, 2~
## $ wormStrain [3m[90m<fct>[39m[23m N2, N2, JU1400, JU1400, ED3052A, ED3052A, ED3052B, ED3052~
## $ sporeStrain [3m[90m<fct>[39m[23m LUAm1, LUAm1, LUAm1, LUAm1, LUAm1, LUAm1, LUAm1, LUAm1, L~
## $ sporeDose [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m 0.00, 10.00, 0.00, 10.00, 0.00, 10.00, 0.00, 10.00, 0.00,~
## $ expTimepoint [3m[90m<int>[39m[23m 72, 72, 72, 72, 72, 72, 72, 72, 72, 72, 72, 72, 72, 72, 7~
## $ spores [3m[90m<lgl>[39m[23m FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, F~
## $ meronts [3m[90m<lgl>[39m[23m FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE~
## $ embryos [3m[90m<int>[39m[23m 18, 7, 10, 0, 12, 0, 5, 9, 11, 0, 15, 2, 27, 0, 15, 0, 9,~# Compare our
print ("structure of our split data")## [1] "structure of our split data"str(split_embryo_long.df)## tibble [15,128 x 10] (S3: tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
## $ worm.number : num [1:15128] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
## $ experiment : chr [1:15128] "200707_N2_LUAm1_0M_72hpi" "200707_N2_LUAm1_10M_72hpi" "200707_JU1400_LUAm1_0M_72hpi" "200707_JU1400_LUAm1_10M_72hpi" ...
## $ fixingDate : int [1:15128] 200707 200707 200707 200707 200707 200707 200707 200707 200707 200707 ...
## $ wormStrain : Factor w/ 26 levels "AB1","AWR144",..: 24 24 10 10 8 8 9 9 20 20 ...
## $ sporeStrain : Factor w/ 11 levels "AWRm78","ERTm1",..: 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 ...
## $ sporeDose : num [1:15128] 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 ...
## $ expTimepoint: int [1:15128] 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 ...
## $ spores : logi [1:15128] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE ...
## $ meronts : logi [1:15128] FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE ...
## $ embryos : int [1:15128] 18 7 10 0 12 0 5 9 11 0 ...Section 1.0.0 comprehension answer:
1.3.3 Recall that we can group_by() to organize our
dataset
Last lecture we learned a useful function group_by()
that groups data based on one or more variables. This is useful for
calculations and plotting on subsets of your data without necessarily
having to turn your variables into factors.
Suppose we wanted to look at a combination of fixing date, worm
strain, and spore strain. Recall that visually, you wouldn’t notice any
changes to your data frame, but if you look at the structure it will now
be a grouped_df.
# Group the data by 3 variables and look at the structure
split_embryo_long.df %>%
group_by(fixingDate, wormStrain, sporeStrain) %>%
str(list.len = 10)## gropd_df [15,128 x 10] (S3: grouped_df/tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
## $ worm.number : num [1:15128] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
## $ experiment : chr [1:15128] "200707_N2_LUAm1_0M_72hpi" "200707_N2_LUAm1_10M_72hpi" "200707_JU1400_LUAm1_0M_72hpi" "200707_JU1400_LUAm1_10M_72hpi" ...
## $ fixingDate : int [1:15128] 200707 200707 200707 200707 200707 200707 200707 200707 200707 200707 ...
## $ wormStrain : Factor w/ 26 levels "AB1","AWR144",..: 24 24 10 10 8 8 9 9 20 20 ...
## $ sporeStrain : Factor w/ 11 levels "AWRm78","ERTm1",..: 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 ...
## $ sporeDose : num [1:15128] 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 ...
## $ expTimepoint: int [1:15128] 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 ...
## $ spores : logi [1:15128] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE ...
## $ meronts : logi [1:15128] FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE ...
## $ embryos : int [1:15128] 18 7 10 0 12 0 5 9 11 0 ...
## - attr(*, "groups")= tibble [140 x 4] (S3: tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
## ..$ fixingDate : int [1:140] 190426 190426 190426 190426 190426 190426 190426 190426 190426 190426 ...
## ..$ wormStrain : Factor w/ 26 levels "AB1","AWR144",..: 1 4 5 10 10 13 14 14 17 18 ...
## ..$ sporeStrain: Factor w/ 11 levels "AWRm78","ERTm1",..: 6 4 6 4 6 4 3 6 6 6 ...
## ..$ .rows : list<int> [1:140]
## .. ..$ : int [1:182] 184 185 186 484 485 486 784 785 786 1084 ...
## .. ..$ : int [1:185] 217 218 219 517 518 519 817 818 819 1117 ...
## .. ..$ : int [1:168] 196 197 198 496 497 498 796 797 798 1096 ...
## .. ..$ : int [1:253] 223 224 225 523 524 525 823 824 825 1123 ...
## .. ..$ : int [1:137] 202 203 204 502 503 504 802 803 804 1102 ...
## .. ..$ : int [1:193] 220 221 222 520 521 522 820 821 822 1120 ...
## .. ..$ : int [1:188] 235 236 237 535 536 537 835 836 837 1135 ...
## .. ..$ : int [1:186] 199 200 201 499 500 501 799 800 801 1099 ...
## .. ..$ : int [1:183] 187 188 189 487 488 489 787 788 789 1087 ...
## .. ..$ : int [1:181] 190 191 192 490 491 492 790 791 792 1090 ...
## .. .. [list output truncated]
## .. ..@ ptype: int(0)
## ..- attr(*, ".drop")= logi TRUE1.3.4 Use the ungroup() function to revert your
data
Looking at the attributes of the tibble, we can see that all of the
grouped data is listed by group under the attr section of
the output and there are 140 combinations found for
fixingDate, wormStrain and
sporeStrain. This additional metadata will be stored and
may, inadvertently, interfere with your results when working with other
functions like mutate() or transmute().
Therefore, after you have performed your desired operation, you can
return your data frame to its original structure by calling the
ungroup() function.
split_embryo_long.df %>%
# Group the data by 3 variables and look at the structure
group_by(fixingDate, wormStrain, sporeStrain) %>%
# Ungroup the data
ungroup() %>%
str()## tibble [15,128 x 10] (S3: tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
## $ worm.number : num [1:15128] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
## $ experiment : chr [1:15128] "200707_N2_LUAm1_0M_72hpi" "200707_N2_LUAm1_10M_72hpi" "200707_JU1400_LUAm1_0M_72hpi" "200707_JU1400_LUAm1_10M_72hpi" ...
## $ fixingDate : int [1:15128] 200707 200707 200707 200707 200707 200707 200707 200707 200707 200707 ...
## $ wormStrain : Factor w/ 26 levels "AB1","AWR144",..: 24 24 10 10 8 8 9 9 20 20 ...
## $ sporeStrain : Factor w/ 11 levels "AWRm78","ERTm1",..: 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 ...
## $ sporeDose : num [1:15128] 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 ...
## $ expTimepoint: int [1:15128] 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 ...
## $ spores : logi [1:15128] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE ...
## $ meronts : logi [1:15128] FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE ...
## $ embryos : int [1:15128] 18 7 10 0 12 0 5 9 11 0 ...1.3.5 Don’t forget! Use group_by() and
summarise() functions to produce sensible statistical
summary data
Recall last lecture we briefly used the group_by() and
summarise() functions in combination to produce some
preliminary statistics on our data. With this much larger set of data,
this is a perfect time to revisit that combination of functions.
Whereas in last lecture we examined some of the quick stats on our metadata, we have some measurements we can now use for some quick exploratory analysis. However, there are quite a few groups so we’ll filter/subset our data a little bit before summarising it. Let’s get the group size, mean, median, standard deviation and maximum value for the number of embryos collected in N2 animals infected with spore strains LUAm1 versus ERTm5 that were tested at varying spore dose levels.
split_embryo_long.df %>%
# Filter the data a bit to produce a little less output
filter(sporeStrain %in% c("LUAm1", "ERTm5"),
wormStrain == "N2") %>%
# Group the data by 3 variables and look at the structure
group_by(fixingDate, sporeStrain, sporeDose) %>%
# Summarise the data
summarise(nWorms = n(),
meanEmb = mean(embryos),
medianEmb = median(embryos),
sdEmb = sd(embryos),
maxEmb = max(embryos)
) %>%
head(20)## [1m[22m`summarise()` has grouped output by 'fixingDate', 'sporeStrain'. You
## can override using the `.groups` argument.## [90m# A tibble: 20 x 8[39m
## [90m# Groups: fixingDate, sporeStrain [9][39m
## fixingDate sporeStrain sporeDose nWorms meanEmb medianEmb sdEmb maxEmb
## [3m[90m<int>[39m[23m [3m[90m<fct>[39m[23m [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m [3m[90m<int>[39m[23m [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m [3m[90m<int>[39m[23m
## [90m 1[39m [4m1[24m[4m9[24m[4m0[24m426 ERTm5 0 60 15.9 16 3.26 22
## [90m 2[39m [4m1[24m[4m9[24m[4m0[24m426 ERTm5 1.75 62 9.21 9 4.92 21
## [90m 3[39m [4m1[24m[4m9[24m[4m0[24m426 ERTm5 3.5 85 4.56 4 4.28 15
## [90m 4[39m [4m1[24m[4m9[24m[4m0[24m426 LUAm1 0 45 16.6 17 2.88 23
## [90m 5[39m [4m1[24m[4m9[24m[4m0[24m426 LUAm1 10 60 9.07 10 4.33 18
## [90m 6[39m [4m1[24m[4m9[24m[4m0[24m426 LUAm1 20 60 7.7 8 4.99 29
## [90m 7[39m [4m2[24m[4m0[24m[4m0[24m707 ERTm5 1.75 47 8.51 9 4.62 20
## [90m 8[39m [4m2[24m[4m0[24m[4m0[24m707 ERTm5 3.5 50 4.62 4 4.29 16
## [90m 9[39m [4m2[24m[4m0[24m[4m0[24m707 LUAm1 0 50 16.3 17 3.61 26
## [90m10[39m [4m2[24m[4m0[24m[4m0[24m707 LUAm1 10 50 10.0 10 3.53 18
## [90m11[39m [4m2[24m[4m0[24m[4m0[24m714 ERTm5 1.75 50 12.3 13 4.95 26
## [90m12[39m [4m2[24m[4m0[24m[4m0[24m714 ERTm5 3.5 50 6.02 7 4.71 15
## [90m13[39m [4m2[24m[4m0[24m[4m0[24m714 LUAm1 0 50 15.2 15 3.91 22
## [90m14[39m [4m2[24m[4m0[24m[4m0[24m714 LUAm1 10 50 8.64 9 4.10 19
## [90m15[39m [4m2[24m[4m0[24m[4m0[24m714 LUAm1 15 49 8.76 9 5.15 27
## [90m16[39m [4m2[24m[4m0[24m[4m0[24m721 ERTm5 1.75 50 9.6 11 5.50 21
## [90m17[39m [4m2[24m[4m0[24m[4m0[24m721 ERTm5 3.5 50 5.28 5 4.67 17
## [90m18[39m [4m2[24m[4m0[24m[4m0[24m721 LUAm1 0 50 15.8 17 5.27 26
## [90m19[39m [4m2[24m[4m0[24m[4m0[24m721 LUAm1 10 50 12.0 12 3.67 22
## [90m20[39m [4m2[24m[4m0[24m[4m0[24m821 LUAm1 0 50 20.9 21 4.83 33In dealing with grouped data, we wouldn’t even need to filter our data at this point or subset it using various base methods. All of the information is gathered for us so we can quickly summarize and identify trends in our measurements such as “increased infection dose in nematode hosts is associated with decreases in mean embryo production”.
2.0.0 Answering questions about our data
Now that we have tidy data, let’s proceed to answering our questions:
How much variation in mean embryo production exists between uninfected samples of C. elegans strains?
Which microsporidia does N2 interact most poorly with?
Which worm strain has the worst looking interactions across all microsporidia strains?
2.1.0 Question: How much variation in mean embryo production exists between uninfected samples of C. elegans strains?
Our above question is basically asking what the baseline mean embryo production is for each C. elegans strain. What steps do we need to take to answer this question? Before we dive in, let’s consider what is needed to answer this question.
We are only interested in uninfected sample data. How do we subset for this? Are there other factors to consider for comparison?
We wish to examine values based on C. elegans strain. How will we sort our observations?
We can sort our data to quickly identify the range of the mean variation between strains. Which metric will we sort on?
split_embryo_long.df %>%
# Filter the data to focus on sporeDose of 0 (ie uninfected conditions)
filter(sporeDose == 0,
expTimepoint == 72, # Recall there are some 72-hour and 96-hour timepoints. We should stick with one.
embryos >= 0 # There's a quirk of the data in here so we need an extra filter as male animals have -1 embryos
) %>%
# Group the data since we are looking at worm strains
group_by(wormStrain) %>%
# Summarise the data
summarise(nWorms = n(),
meanEmb = mean(embryos),
medianEmb = median(embryos),
sdEmb = sd(embryos),
maxEmb = max(embryos)
) %>%
# Sort the data so we can quickly see the upper and lower ranges
arrange(desc(meanEmb))## [90m# A tibble: 26 x 6[39m
## wormStrain nWorms meanEmb medianEmb sdEmb maxEmb
## [3m[90m<fct>[39m[23m [3m[90m<int>[39m[23m [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m [3m[90m<int>[39m[23m
## [90m 1[39m MY2 123 21.9 21 5.76 40
## [90m 2[39m CB4856 60 20.8 20 4.92 32
## [90m 3[39m AWR145 250 20.7 21 5.19 48
## [90m 4[39m AWR144 250 19.2 19 4.52 32
## [90m 5[39m MY6 61 18.4 18 4.85 31
## [90m 6[39m N2 790 18.1 18 5.51 38
## [90m 7[39m JU360 173 16.8 17 3.89 35
## [90m 8[39m VC20019 274 16.4 16 3.91 28
## [90m 9[39m JU300 61 15.6 15 4.94 32
## [90m10[39m JU360-MY1-cross 31 14.8 15 2.35 19
## [90m# i 16 more rows[39mSo it looks like our mean number of embryos can vary across the C. elegans strains; getting close to 22 on the upper end and 4 on the lower end. These differences can be due to environmental factors not replicated in the lab or perhaps differences in developmental timing. Now, however, we have a baseline for comparison.
2.2.0 Question: Which microsporidia does N2 interact most poorly with?
The N2 strain is known as the lab reference strains and can be used as a control when investigating how other host strains interact with microsporidia infection. Let’s take a closer look at it’s infection dynamics to see which microsporidia strains appear to have the strongest effect on this control strain.
This is a bit of a variation and extension to the first question. Let’s figure out what we need.
- We are only interested in N2 animals and their infection dynamics across multiple spore strains. How do we subset for this?
- We know there are multiple doses and fixing dates per spore strain. How will we compare this?
- How will we combine replicate data to maintain equal weighting?
Let’s save the results as an object named
wormSporeDose_summary.df
# Save the results of the wrangling
wormSporeDose_summary.df <-
split_embryo_long.df %>%
# Filter the data to focus on sporeDose of 0 (ie uninfected conditions)
filter(wormStrain == "N2",
expTimepoint == 72, # Recall there are some 72-hour and 96-hour timepoints. We should stick with one.
embryos >= 0 # Theres a quirk of the data in here so we need an extra filter
) %>%
# Group the data so that each rep/fixing Date is grouped together
# group_by(sporeStrain, sporeDose) %>%
group_by(fixingDate, sporeStrain, sporeDose) %>%
# Get the mean embryos for each replicate
summarise(meanEmb = mean(embryos),
) %>%
# Group the data again but aggregate the fixing dates for each conditions
group_by(sporeStrain, sporeDose) %>%
# Calculate the mean of the means so that each replicate has the same weight
summarise(groupMean = mean(meanEmb), reps = n())## [1m[22m`summarise()` has grouped output by 'fixingDate', 'sporeStrain'. You can override using the `.groups` argument.
## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'sporeStrain'. You can override using the `.groups` argument.# Sort the data to group by groupMean to see which combo has the lowest value
arrange(wormSporeDose_summary.df, groupMean)## [90m# A tibble: 26 x 4[39m
## [90m# Groups: sporeStrain [10][39m
## sporeStrain sporeDose groupMean reps
## [3m[90m<fct>[39m[23m [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m [3m[90m<int>[39m[23m
## [90m 1[39m ERTm2 1.25 1.25 1
## [90m 2[39m ERTm2 1.5 2.11 1
## [90m 3[39m ERTm5 3.5 4.87 10
## [90m 4[39m LUAm1 20 7.7 1
## [90m 5[39m LUAm1 15 8.76 1
## [90m 6[39m ERTm5 1.75 9.86 7
## [90m 7[39m ERTm2 0.5 9.92 1
## [90m 8[39m LUAm1 10 11.3 7
## [90m 9[39m AWRm78 3.5 11.4 3
## [90m10[39m LUAm3 10 12.3 3
## [90m# i 16 more rows[39mIf we look through the data carefully, we can see that ERTm2 appears to have the most severe effect on our animals, reducing the mean embryo counts to as low as ~2.1 with a dose of only 1.5M spores. It sure would be nice if we could quickly visualize this right? More on that later!
2.3.0 Question: Which worm strain has the worst looking interactions across all microsporidia strains?
Are we seeing the pattern to these kinds of analyses yet? We want to identify which worm/spore combinations result in the lowest overall mean embryo counts between replicates.
- Filter/subset your data from what you want. In this case, we want to additionally only look at infected experimental conditions.
- Group the data by experimental conditions - worm strain, fixing date, spore strain, spore dose.
- Summarise the embryo counts to generate a mean for that condition/replicate.
- Regroup your data to combine replicates.
- Summarise the relevant value(s).
- Sort the data to find the lowest mean embryo counts.
Let’s save the result into an object called
embryo_summary.df.
# Save the result of this wrangling to an object
embryo_summary.df <-
split_embryo_long.df %>%
# Filter the data to focus on sporeDose of 0 (ie uninfected conditions)
filter(expTimepoint == 72, # Recall there are some 72-hour and 96-hour timepoints. We should stick with one.
embryos >= 0, # Theres a quirk of the data in here so we need an extra filter
sporeDose > 0
) %>%
# Group the data so that each rep/fixing Date is grouped together
group_by(wormStrain, fixingDate, sporeStrain, sporeDose) %>%
# Get the mean embryos for each replicate
summarise(meanEmb = mean(embryos)) %>%
# Group the data again but aggregate by wormStrain/sporeStrain
group_by(wormStrain, sporeStrain, sporeDose) %>%
# Calculate the mean of the means across dates and spore doses
summarise(groupMean = mean(meanEmb)) %>%
# Sort the data to find the smallest groupMean
arrange(groupMean)## [1m[22m`summarise()` has grouped output by 'wormStrain', 'fixingDate', 'sporeStrain'. You can override using the `.groups`
## argument.
## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'wormStrain', 'sporeStrain'. You can override using the `.groups` argument.# Just look at the top 10 scores
head(embryo_summary.df, 10)## [90m# A tibble: 10 x 4[39m
## [90m# Groups: wormStrain, sporeStrain [7][39m
## wormStrain sporeStrain sporeDose groupMean
## [3m[90m<fct>[39m[23m [3m[90m<fct>[39m[23m [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m
## [90m 1[39m JU1400 LUAm1 20 0
## [90m 2[39m MY1 LUAm1 20 0
## [90m 3[39m JU1400 LUAm3 10 0.013[4m3[24m
## [90m 4[39m JU360 LUAm1 20 0.015[4m9[24m
## [90m 5[39m VC40171 LUAm1 10 0.026[4m7[24m
## [90m 6[39m JU1400 LUAm1 15 0.08
## [90m 7[39m JU1400-MY1-cross LUAm1 10 0.1
## [90m 8[39m MY1 LUAm1 10 0.256
## [90m 9[39m MY1 LUAm1 15 0.28
## [90m10[39m JU1400 ERTm2 1.25 0.35Looking at the top 10 results from our quick analysis, it looks like we see a lot of JU1400 and MY1 occurrences but most of the top worm/spore interactions appear to involve the LUAm1 spore strain, suggesting that many of the interactions we queried were for a more susceptible interactions in the LUAm1 infection.
More importantly, we can now see the power of the
group_by() and summarise() paradigm. Used
properly, we can short-cut much of the basic code needed to generate
quick reports or analyses of our data. This is only made possibly by the
conversion of our wide-format data to the long-format. It is therefore,
well worth your time to make the conversion of your data tables into a
proper long-format data set. The same sentiment carries forward for
working with your data to visualize it.
Comprehension question 2.0.0: Looking at the top 20 worm/spore interactions from embryo_summary.df in terms of highest embryo production, which worm strain shows up most often and how many times does it appear in the top 20 results?
# comprehension answer code 2.0.0
embryo_summary.df %>%
# Flip the order of the data
... %>%
# Grab the first 20 results
... %>%
# Regroup the data by wormStrain
... %>%
# Count the size of each group
... %>%
# Sort again
...Section 2.0.0 comprehension answer:
3.0.0 Getting back to the way we were
To get data back into its original format, there are reciprocal
functions in the tidyr package, making it possible to
switch between wide and long formats.
Fair question: But you’ve just been telling me how great the ‘long’ format is?!?! Why would I want the wide format again???
Honest answer: Note that our original data frame was 154 rows and expanded to 42,000 rows in the long format. When you have, say, a genomics dataset you might end up with 6,000 rows expanding to 600,000 rows. You probably want to do your calculations and switch back to the more “human writeable/readable” format. Sure, I can save a data frame with 600,000 rows, but I can’t really send it to anyone because spreadsheet software such as Excel might crash while trying to open the file.
3.1.0 unite() your columns back again
unite(
data,
col,
...,
sep = "_",
remove = TRUE,
na.rm = FALSE
)The opposite of separate(), we need to provide
unite() with specific arguments to help consolidate our
information.
data- our data frame (aka tibble)col- the name of the column where we want to keep our combined data....- a list of the column names we want to join into argumentcol.sep- tellsunite()what kind of character to put between recombined data values going into col.
Let’s turn back time and collapse spores,
meronts, and embryos back into one variable
using the unite() function.
# Reunite our measurement variables of spores, meronts, and embryos back together
split_embryo_long.df %>%
# convert our logical columns back to binary, and put the units back on some other columns
mutate(spores = as.integer(spores), meronts = as.integer(meronts)) %>%
### 3.1.0 Unite the measurement data again
unite("spore_meronts_embryos", spores, meronts, embryos, sep = "_") %>%
# Remove the previously separate metadata columns. We kept "experiment" so no need to reunite!
select(-c(3:7)) %>%
# Take a peek at the result
head(10)## [90m# A tibble: 10 x 3[39m
## worm.number experiment spore_meronts_embryos
## [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m
## [90m 1[39m 1 200707_N2_LUAm1_0M_72hpi 0_0_18
## [90m 2[39m 1 200707_N2_LUAm1_10M_72hpi 0_1_7
## [90m 3[39m 1 200707_JU1400_LUAm1_0M_72hpi 0_0_10
## [90m 4[39m 1 200707_JU1400_LUAm1_10M_72hpi 0_1_0
## [90m 5[39m 1 200707_ED3052A_LUAm1_0M_72hpi 0_0_12
## [90m 6[39m 1 200707_ED3052A_LUAm1_10M_72hpi 0_1_0
## [90m 7[39m 1 200707_ED3052B_LUAm1_0M_72hpi 0_0_5
## [90m 8[39m 1 200707_ED3052B_LUAm1_10M_72hpi 0_1_9
## [90m 9[39m 1 200707_MY1_LUAm1_0M_72hpi 0_0_11
## [90m10[39m 1 200707_MY1_LUAm1_10M_72hpi 0_1_03.2.0 Use pivot_wider() to convert your data from long
to wide format
pivot_wider(
data,
id_cols = NULL,
names_from = name,
names_prefix = "",
names_sep = "_",
names_glue = NULL,
names_sort = FALSE,
names_repair = "check_unique",
values_from = value,
values_fill = NULL,
values_fn = NULL,
...
)The opposite of pivot_longer(), we need to provide
pivot_wider() with some parameters to help consolidate our
information. This can be tricky to conceptualize BUT the goal is to
consolidate row entries based on specific columns that we do NOT
name.
data- our data frame (aka tibble) that we wish to convert.id_cols- the column(s) that will form the basis of identifying each unique observation. By default the identifiers are any unselected columns from thenames_fromandvalues_fromarguments.names_from- a column name or multiple column names from which to pivot back to a wider format. These will become variable names whose values will come from…values_from- pairs with thenames_fromparameter to fill the new variable columns formed bynames_from.
Let’s turn the hands of time back further and add the
pivot_wider() function to our piped code to turn
split_embryo_wide.df into the wide shape of our original
dataset. Save the output into a data frame called
embryo_wide.df.
# Save the result into a temporary variable
embryo_wide.df <-
# Reunite our measurement variables of spores, meronts, and embryos back together
split_embryo_long.df %>%
# convert our logical columns back to binary
mutate(spores = as.integer(spores), meronts = as.integer(meronts)) %>%
# 3.1.0 Unite the measurement data again
unite("spores_meronts_embryos", spores, meronts, embryos, sep = "_") %>%
# Remove the previously separate metadata columns. We kept "experiment" so no need to reunite!
select(-c(3:7)) %>%
### 3.1.2.0 Pivot back to a wide-format
pivot_wider(names_from = experiment,
values_from = spores_meronts_embryos)
# What are the dimensions of our transformed data?
dim(embryo_wide.df)## [1] 154 301# Take a peek at the SAVED result
head(embryo_wide.df)## [90m# A tibble: 6 x 301[39m
## worm.number `200707_N2_LUAm1_0M_72hpi` `200707_N2_LUAm1_10M_72hpi`
## [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m
## [90m1[39m 1 0_0_18 0_1_7
## [90m2[39m 2 0_0_18 0_1_3
## [90m3[39m 3 0_0_9 0_1_10
## [90m4[39m 4 0_0_15 0_1_8
## [90m5[39m 5 0_0_15 0_1_14
## [90m6[39m 6 0_0_12 0_1_9
## [90m# i 298 more variables: `200707_JU1400_LUAm1_0M_72hpi` <chr>,[39m
## [90m# `200707_JU1400_LUAm1_10M_72hpi` <chr>,[39m
## [90m# `200707_ED3052A_LUAm1_0M_72hpi` <chr>,[39m
## [90m# `200707_ED3052A_LUAm1_10M_72hpi` <chr>,[39m
## [90m# `200707_ED3052B_LUAm1_0M_72hpi` <chr>,[39m
## [90m# `200707_ED3052B_LUAm1_10M_72hpi` <chr>, `200707_MY1_LUAm1_0M_72hpi` <chr>,[39m
## [90m# `200707_MY1_LUAm1_10M_72hpi` <chr>, `200707_N2_MAM1_4M_72hpi` <chr>, ...[39m3.3.0 Save our data frame to a text file
We’ll use the standard write_csv command to save our
results to our data folder.
getwd()## [1] "C:/Users/mokca/Dropbox/!CAGEF/Course_Materials/Introduction_to_R/2024.09_Intro_to_R/lecture_03_tidy_data"# Write our data out to a file
write_csv(x = embryo_wide.df,
file = "data/embryo_data_wide_remade.csv",
col_names = TRUE)4.0.0 Combining measurements and metadata
You might recall from last lecture that we worked with a metadata set
bearing some similar experimental names to the measurements in our
embryo_wide.csv dataset. Our metadata sets contain
additional data about the experimental
conditions themselves including spore species names, lot information on
the reagents used and timepoints of various steps during
sample-procurement.
How do we combine these two sets of data together? What are the necessary requirements?
Joining or merging data allows us to combine metadata with actual measurements. In an experiment where each experimental group may have multiple observations (such as in our case), you will want to avoid carrying redundant data when possible. Why would we need to recombine the data? As we proceed with analyses, you have seen the power of grouping our data for summary statistics BUT this is also useful when creating visualizations. By joining our metadata to the measurement data, we can more easily facilitate these kinds of analyses.
4.0.1 Import the accompanying metadata
Before we go further, let’s quickly import the
infection_meta.csv dataset and get a sense of what is in
there and what might be useful for us to keep versus drop. We’ll store
the data in the object infection_meta.df.
# Import infection_meta.csv and take a peek at it
infection_meta.df <- read_csv("data/infection_meta.csv")## [1mRows: [22m[34m276[39m [1mColumns: [22m[34m29[39m
## [36m--[39m [1mColumn specification[22m [36m------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------[39m
## [1mDelimiter:[22m ","
## [31mchr[39m (10): experiment, experimenter, description, Worm_strain, Spore Strain, ...
## [32mdbl[39m (19): Infection Date, Plate Number, Total Worms, Lot concentration, Tota...
##
## [36mi[39m Use `spec()` to retrieve the full column specification for this data.
## [36mi[39m Specify the column types or set `show_col_types = FALSE` to quiet this message.# Take a quick look at what we have again
head(infection_meta.df)## [90m# A tibble: 6 x 29[39m
## experiment experimenter description `Infection Date` `Plate Number`
## [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m
## [90m1[39m 190426_VC20019_LUAm1~ CM Wild isola~ [4m1[24m[4m9[24m[4m0[24m423 1
## [90m2[39m 190426_VC20019_LUAm1~ CM Wild isola~ [4m1[24m[4m9[24m[4m0[24m423 2
## [90m3[39m 190426_VC20019_LUAm1~ CM Wild isola~ [4m1[24m[4m9[24m[4m0[24m423 3
## [90m4[39m 190426_N2_LUAm1_0M_7~ CM Wild isola~ [4m1[24m[4m9[24m[4m0[24m423 4
## [90m5[39m 190426_N2_LUAm1_10M_~ CM Wild isola~ [4m1[24m[4m9[24m[4m0[24m423 5
## [90m6[39m 190426_N2_LUAm1_20M_~ CM Wild isola~ [4m1[24m[4m9[24m[4m0[24m423 6
## [90m# i 24 more variables: Worm_strain <chr>, `Total Worms` <dbl>,[39m
## [90m# `Spore Strain` <chr>, `Spore Lot` <chr>, `Lot concentration` <dbl>,[39m
## [90m# `Total Spores (M)` <dbl>, `Total ul spore` <dbl>, `Infection Round` <dbl>,[39m
## [90m# `40X OP50 (mL)` <dbl>, `Plate Size` <dbl>, `Spores(M)/cm2` <dbl>,[39m
## [90m# `Time plated` <dbl>, `Time Incubated` <dbl>, Temp <dbl>, timepoint <chr>,[39m
## [90m# infection.type <chr>, `Fixing Date` <dbl>, Location <chr>,[39m
## [90m# `Staining Date` <dbl>, `Stain type` <chr>, `Slide date` <dbl>, ...[39mstr(infection_meta.df, give.attr = FALSE)## spc_tbl_ [276 x 29] (S3: spec_tbl_df/tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
## $ experiment : chr [1:276] "190426_VC20019_LUAm1_0M_72hpi" "190426_VC20019_LUAm1_10M_72hpi" "190426_VC20019_LUAm1_20M_72hpi" "190426_N2_LUAm1_0M_72hpi" ...
## $ experimenter : chr [1:276] "CM" "CM" "CM" "CM" ...
## $ description : chr [1:276] "Wild isolate phenoMIP retest" "Wild isolate phenoMIP retest" "Wild isolate phenoMIP retest" "Wild isolate phenoMIP retest" ...
## $ Infection Date : num [1:276] 190423 190423 190423 190423 190423 ...
## $ Plate Number : num [1:276] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ...
## $ Worm_strain : chr [1:276] "VC20019" "VC20019" "VC20019" "N2" ...
## $ Total Worms : num [1:276] 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 ...
## $ Spore Strain : chr [1:276] "LUAm1" "LUAm1" "LUAm1" "LUAm1" ...
## $ Spore Lot : chr [1:276] "2A" "2A" "2A" "2A" ...
## $ Lot concentration: num [1:276] 176000 176000 176000 176000 176000 176000 176000 176000 176000 176000 ...
## $ Total Spores (M) : num [1:276] 0 10 20 0 10 20 0 10 20 0 ...
## $ Total ul spore : num [1:276] 0 56.8 113.6 0 56.8 ...
## $ Infection Round : num [1:276] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
## $ 40X OP50 (mL) : num [1:276] 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 ...
## $ Plate Size : num [1:276] 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 ...
## $ Spores(M)/cm2 : num [1:276] 0 0.354 0.708 0 0.354 ...
## $ Time plated : num [1:276] 1300 1300 1300 1300 1300 1300 1300 1300 1300 1300 ...
## $ Time Incubated : num [1:276] 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 ...
## $ Temp : num [1:276] 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 ...
## $ timepoint : chr [1:276] "72" "72" "72" "72" ...
## $ infection.type : chr [1:276] "continuous" "continuous" "continuous" "continuous" ...
## $ Fixing Date : num [1:276] 190426 190426 190426 190426 190426 ...
## $ Location : chr [1:276] "Sample exhausted" "Sample exhausted" "Sample exhausted" "Sample exhausted" ...
## $ Staining Date : num [1:276] 190513 190513 190513 190430 190513 ...
## $ Stain type : chr [1:276] "Sp.9 FISH + DY96" "Sp.9 FISH + DY96" "Sp.9 FISH + DY96" "DY96" ...
## $ Slide date : num [1:276] 190515 190515 190515 190501 190515 ...
## $ Slide number : num [1:276] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ...
## $ Slide Box : num [1:276] 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ...
## $ Imaging Date : num [1:276] 190516 190516 190516 190502 190516 ...4.0.2 select() your variables of interest from the
metadata
We are not interested in all of the variables from our metadata so
we’ll select just a subset of these to keep things a little more brief.
You may recall from last week, we made good use of the
<tidy-select> verbs to help us quickly choose
columns. We’ll do that again here and save the result into
trimmed_infection_meta.df.
trimmed_infection_meta.df <-
# Pass the metadata for reshaping
infection_meta.df %>%
# Use tidy-select verbs to subset our data columns
select(experiment, Worm_strain, `Total Worms`, `Plate Size`, timepoint, infection.type,
contains("Spore", ignore.case = TRUE),
ends_with("Date", ignore.case = TRUE),
)
# Check the resulting trimmed dataset
head(trimmed_infection_meta.df)## [90m# A tibble: 6 x 16[39m
## experiment Worm_strain `Total Worms` `Plate Size` timepoint infection.type
## [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m
## [90m1[39m 190426_VC2001~ VC20019 [4m1[24m000 6 72 continuous
## [90m2[39m 190426_VC2001~ VC20019 [4m1[24m000 6 72 continuous
## [90m3[39m 190426_VC2001~ VC20019 [4m1[24m000 6 72 continuous
## [90m4[39m 190426_N2_LUA~ N2 [4m1[24m000 6 72 continuous
## [90m5[39m 190426_N2_LUA~ N2 [4m1[24m000 6 72 continuous
## [90m6[39m 190426_N2_LUA~ N2 [4m1[24m000 6 72 continuous
## [90m# i 10 more variables: `Spore Strain` <chr>, `Spore Lot` <chr>,[39m
## [90m# `Total Spores (M)` <dbl>, `Total ul spore` <dbl>, `Spores(M)/cm2` <dbl>,[39m
## [90m# `Infection Date` <dbl>, `Fixing Date` <dbl>, `Staining Date` <dbl>,[39m
## [90m# `Slide date` <dbl>, `Imaging Date` <dbl>[39m4.1.0 Review your data structures
Before we proceed, it’s best to review our data structures so we can be sure of what the column names are and what they might represent. This is an important step when deciding to join two data sets. Which are the relevant pieces of information that are shared between the two datasets and how can we use them to help redistribute our data?
# Review the measurement data
str(split_embryo_long.df, give.attr = FALSE)## tibble [15,128 x 10] (S3: tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
## $ worm.number : num [1:15128] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
## $ experiment : chr [1:15128] "200707_N2_LUAm1_0M_72hpi" "200707_N2_LUAm1_10M_72hpi" "200707_JU1400_LUAm1_0M_72hpi" "200707_JU1400_LUAm1_10M_72hpi" ...
## $ fixingDate : int [1:15128] 200707 200707 200707 200707 200707 200707 200707 200707 200707 200707 ...
## $ wormStrain : Factor w/ 26 levels "AB1","AWR144",..: 24 24 10 10 8 8 9 9 20 20 ...
## $ sporeStrain : Factor w/ 11 levels "AWRm78","ERTm1",..: 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 ...
## $ sporeDose : num [1:15128] 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 ...
## $ expTimepoint: int [1:15128] 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 ...
## $ spores : logi [1:15128] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE ...
## $ meronts : logi [1:15128] FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE ...
## $ embryos : int [1:15128] 18 7 10 0 12 0 5 9 11 0 ...# Review the metadata
str(trimmed_infection_meta.df, give.attr = FALSE)## tibble [276 x 16] (S3: tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
## $ experiment : chr [1:276] "190426_VC20019_LUAm1_0M_72hpi" "190426_VC20019_LUAm1_10M_72hpi" "190426_VC20019_LUAm1_20M_72hpi" "190426_N2_LUAm1_0M_72hpi" ...
## $ Worm_strain : chr [1:276] "VC20019" "VC20019" "VC20019" "N2" ...
## $ Total Worms : num [1:276] 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 ...
## $ Plate Size : num [1:276] 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 ...
## $ timepoint : chr [1:276] "72" "72" "72" "72" ...
## $ infection.type : chr [1:276] "continuous" "continuous" "continuous" "continuous" ...
## $ Spore Strain : chr [1:276] "LUAm1" "LUAm1" "LUAm1" "LUAm1" ...
## $ Spore Lot : chr [1:276] "2A" "2A" "2A" "2A" ...
## $ Total Spores (M): num [1:276] 0 10 20 0 10 20 0 10 20 0 ...
## $ Total ul spore : num [1:276] 0 56.8 113.6 0 56.8 ...
## $ Spores(M)/cm2 : num [1:276] 0 0.354 0.708 0 0.354 ...
## $ Infection Date : num [1:276] 190423 190423 190423 190423 190423 ...
## $ Fixing Date : num [1:276] 190426 190426 190426 190426 190426 ...
## $ Staining Date : num [1:276] 190513 190513 190513 190430 190513 ...
## $ Slide date : num [1:276] 190515 190515 190515 190501 190515 ...
## $ Imaging Date : num [1:276] 190516 190516 190516 190502 190516 ...4.1.1 Compare your datasets for common variables
Before joining our data together, we should take note of some of it’s characteristics such as size and shared variable names.
split_embryo_long.df
our experimental results data which we’ve already converted a long format.
15,128 rows x 10 columns
trimmed_infection_meta.df
our experimental metadata
276 rows x 15 columns
split_embryo_long.df |
trimmed_infection_meta.df |
Description |
|---|---|---|
| experiment | experiment | An underscore-separated description of the experimental metadata |
| fixingDate | Fixing Date | The date the infection population was terminated and fixed in Acetone for storage |
| wormStrain | Worm_strain | The relevant worm strain that was infected |
| sporeStrain | Spore Strain | The relevant microsporidia strain that was used to infect the nematodes |
| sporeDose | Total Spores (M) | The total number of spores used to infect (in Millions) |
| expTimepoint | timepoint | Hours post-infection before the experiment was terminated |
Note that we’ve listed shared variables here but they do not necessarily share the same name! Depending on how you’ve set up your experiments, overlapping columns may appear identical or merely similar in name.
4.2.0 Joining and merging data tables with
*_join()
Now that we have a grasp of our tables, we can discuss how to join
them together. You might note from above that the dimensions of our
tables are very different. There are far more observations in our embryo
data than in our metadata. The process of bringing this information into
a single table is known as joining or merging. There is a generic
function in R called merge() that can be used to bring
these tables together but we’ll stick with the tidyverse
and use one of their four functions as described below:
| join Type | Description |
|---|---|
| inner_join() | return all rows from x where there are matching values in y, and all columns from x and y. |
| left_join() | return all rows from x, and all columns from x and y.
Rows in x with no match in y will have NA values in the new
columns. |
| right_join() | return all rows from y, and all columns from x and y.
Rows in y with no match in x will have NA values in the new
columns. |
| full_join() | return all rows and all columns from both x and y.
Where there are no matching values between x and y, populate missing
data with NA. |
There are some other details involving duplicate keys BUT we will assume all of our tables have unique key entries ie no repeated combinations of our shared variables.
Each *_join() verb requires the following
parameters:
x: your first (left-side table)y: your second (right-side table)by: by default all variables with a common name will be used otherwise provide a named vector to connect equivalent variables/columns between tables egby = c("a" = "b", "c" = "d"). Note that columns must be of the same type for comparison!multiple: What happens if multiple entries inymatch one inx? Set toallby default so each matching x/y combination will be created in the new table. Alternative values includefirstandlastwhich return only the first or last match inyrespectively.
We know from section 4.1.1 that there are a number
of variables that are shared that we can use for the joining process.
Recall that the experiment column is actually an
underscore-separated combination of the other variables
fixingDate, wormStrain,
sporeStrain, sporeDose, and
expTimepoint. We’ll play with both sets of columns to see
how the *_join() function works.
Which join will we use? For our purposes, we are only interested in
embryo measurement data that also has metadata to match. Some of the
metadata might refer to other kinds of experiments where different
measurements were captured. Therefore we’ll go with the
inner_join() function.
For now we’ll just generate some piped output without saving the
results and we’ll start with using just the experiment
column.
# inner_join() on our datasets
split_embryo_long.df %>%
# Use the inner join on the experiment columns
# This data is quite redundant with many of the columns we have in our datasets
inner_join(x = ., y = trimmed_infection_meta.df, by = c("experiment" = "experiment")) %>%
# Look at the resulting data structure
str(give.attr = FALSE)## Warning in inner_join(x = ., y = trimmed_infection_meta.df, by = c(experiment = "experiment")): [1m[22mEach row in `x` is expected to match at most 1 row in `y`.
## [36mi[39m Row 75 of `x` matches multiple rows.
## [36mi[39m If multiple matches are expected, set `multiple = "all"` to silence this warning.## tibble [11,149 x 25] (S3: tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
## $ worm.number : num [1:11149] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
## $ experiment : chr [1:11149] "200707_N2_LUAm1_0M_72hpi" "200707_N2_LUAm1_10M_72hpi" "200707_JU1400_LUAm1_0M_72hpi" "200707_JU1400_LUAm1_10M_72hpi" ...
## $ fixingDate : int [1:11149] 200707 200707 200707 200707 200707 200707 200707 200707 200707 200707 ...
## $ wormStrain : Factor w/ 26 levels "AB1","AWR144",..: 24 24 10 10 8 8 9 9 20 20 ...
## $ sporeStrain : Factor w/ 11 levels "AWRm78","ERTm1",..: 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 ...
## $ sporeDose : num [1:11149] 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 ...
## $ expTimepoint : int [1:11149] 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 ...
## $ spores : logi [1:11149] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE ...
## $ meronts : logi [1:11149] FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE ...
## $ embryos : int [1:11149] 18 7 10 0 12 0 5 9 11 0 ...
## $ Worm_strain : chr [1:11149] "N2" "N2" "JU1400" "JU1400" ...
## $ Total Worms : num [1:11149] 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 ...
## $ Plate Size : num [1:11149] 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 ...
## $ timepoint : chr [1:11149] "72" "72" "72" "72" ...
## $ infection.type : chr [1:11149] "continuous" "continuous" "continuous" "continuous" ...
## $ Spore Strain : chr [1:11149] "LUAm1" "LUAm1" "LUAm1" "LUAm1" ...
## $ Spore Lot : chr [1:11149] "2A" "2A" "2A" "2A" ...
## $ Total Spores (M): num [1:11149] 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 ...
## $ Total ul spore : num [1:11149] 0 56.8 0 56.8 0 ...
## $ Spores(M)/cm2 : num [1:11149] 0 0.354 0 0.354 0 ...
## $ Infection Date : num [1:11149] 200704 200704 200704 200704 200704 ...
## $ Fixing Date : num [1:11149] 200707 200707 200707 200707 200707 ...
## $ Staining Date : num [1:11149] 200803 200803 200803 200803 200803 ...
## $ Slide date : num [1:11149] 200804 200804 200804 200804 200804 ...
## $ Imaging Date : num [1:11149] 200806 200806 200806 200806 200806 ...Looking at the output from above, it looks like we lose about 4,000
entries from our measurement dataset and now have 25 columns of
variables instead of 10. In fact, the 14 columns of our metadata have
been added on, and the only missing one is the experiment
column since this is redundant with the embryo experiment
information.
We also received a warning message!
Each row in 'x' is expected to match at most 1 row in 'y'
but what does this mean?
4.2.0.1 Beware of redundant merging variables! Use
duplicated() to identify potential problems
In our above code, the resulting error suggests that we have
duplicated entries in our experiment
column within the trimmed_infection_meta.df set.
We can investigate this error further with the
duplicated() function which takes in a vector or dataframe
and returns a logical vector stating which elements (or rows) represent
duplicates within the table. There are two relevant parameters for
us:
x: the dataset we wish to search for duplicated valuesfromLast: a logical value which indicates if the search for duplicates should start at the end of the vector instead (default value isFALSE).
Note that this DOES NOT return the “original” element that may have been duplicated in the set. Let’s see a quick example.
# Which elements are duplicates?
duplicated(c(1,2,3,4,
1,2,3,4,
1,2,3,4,5))## [1] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE
## [13] FALSE# Which elements are duplicates when we search from the end?
duplicated(c(1,2,3,4,
1,2,3,4,
1,2,3,4,5), fromLast = TRUE)## [1] TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## [13] FALSEAs you can see from above if we search
forward our original occurences of 1, 2, 3, 4,
and (eventually) 5 are not counted as duplicates but later versions of
those are counted as duplicated in our resulting logical vector. If we
search in reverse we get a completely
different logical vector returned with the last 5 values returning as
FALSE instead.
How can we use this on trimmed_infection_meta.df to
investigate our error? We can quickly check for duplicated sets of
experimental names using the duplicated() function along
with a filter() step.
In this case, we’ll actually return to our original metadata table,
infection_meta.df to see all of the information about these
experiments.
infection_meta.df %>%
# Filter for duplicates in both directions to get all non-unique "experiment" entries
filter(duplicated(experiment) | duplicated(experiment, fromLast = TRUE))## [90m# A tibble: 4 x 29[39m
## experiment experimenter description `Infection Date` `Plate Number`
## [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m
## [90m1[39m 200821_N2_LUAm1_0M_7~ CM Lua1 conti~ [4m2[24m[4m0[24m[4m0[24m818 1
## [90m2[39m 200821_JU1400_LUAm1_~ CM Lua1 conti~ [4m2[24m[4m0[24m[4m0[24m818 3
## [90m3[39m 200821_N2_LUAm1_0M_7~ CM RNAseq dat~ [4m2[24m[4m0[24m[4m0[24m818 11
## [90m4[39m 200821_JU1400_LUAm1_~ CM RNAseq dat~ [4m2[24m[4m0[24m[4m0[24m818 12
## [90m# i 24 more variables: Worm_strain <chr>, `Total Worms` <dbl>,[39m
## [90m# `Spore Strain` <chr>, `Spore Lot` <chr>, `Lot concentration` <dbl>,[39m
## [90m# `Total Spores (M)` <dbl>, `Total ul spore` <dbl>, `Infection Round` <dbl>,[39m
## [90m# `40X OP50 (mL)` <dbl>, `Plate Size` <dbl>, `Spores(M)/cm2` <dbl>,[39m
## [90m# `Time plated` <dbl>, `Time Incubated` <dbl>, Temp <dbl>, timepoint <chr>,[39m
## [90m# infection.type <chr>, `Fixing Date` <dbl>, Location <chr>,[39m
## [90m# `Staining Date` <dbl>, `Stain type` <chr>, `Slide date` <dbl>, ...[39mLooking at the results, we can see that we have two types of experiments that have the same entry. The main difference here is the “size” of the experiment and the description of these experiments. Although they are created on the same date, one set of samples was destined for measurement of embryos, while the other was destined for RNAseq library generation.
When our join step occurs all the rows in
split_embryo_long.df that match multiple entries in
trimmed_infection_meta.df will have those combinations
created. In our case, that means we’ll get double the data for some of
our experiments!
Let’s revisit our code to see what that means for one of our duplicated experimental values.
split_embryo_long.df %>%
# Use the inner join on the experiment columns
# This data is quite redundant with many of the columns we have in our datasets
inner_join(x = ., y = trimmed_infection_meta.df, by = c("experiment" = "experiment")) %>%
# filter for one set of duplicated experiments
filter(experiment == "200821_N2_LUAm1_0M_72hpi") %>%
str()## Warning in inner_join(x = ., y = trimmed_infection_meta.df, by = c(experiment = "experiment")): [1m[22mEach row in `x` is expected to match at most 1 row in `y`.
## [36mi[39m Row 75 of `x` matches multiple rows.
## [36mi[39m If multiple matches are expected, set `multiple = "all"` to silence this warning.## tibble [100 x 25] (S3: tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
## $ worm.number : num [1:100] 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 ...
## $ experiment : chr [1:100] "200821_N2_LUAm1_0M_72hpi" "200821_N2_LUAm1_0M_72hpi" "200821_N2_LUAm1_0M_72hpi" "200821_N2_LUAm1_0M_72hpi" ...
## $ fixingDate : int [1:100] 200821 200821 200821 200821 200821 200821 200821 200821 200821 200821 ...
## $ wormStrain : Factor w/ 26 levels "AB1","AWR144",..: 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 ...
## $ sporeStrain : Factor w/ 11 levels "AWRm78","ERTm1",..: 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 ...
## $ sporeDose : num [1:100] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ expTimepoint : int [1:100] 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 ...
## $ spores : logi [1:100] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE ...
## $ meronts : logi [1:100] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE ...
## $ embryos : int [1:100] 12 12 14 14 24 24 14 14 16 16 ...
## $ Worm_strain : chr [1:100] "N2" "N2" "N2" "N2" ...
## $ Total Worms : num [1:100] 1000 10000 1000 10000 1000 10000 1000 10000 1000 10000 ...
## $ Plate Size : num [1:100] 6 10 6 10 6 10 6 10 6 10 ...
## $ timepoint : chr [1:100] "72" "72" "72" "72" ...
## $ infection.type : chr [1:100] "continuous" "continuous" "continuous" "continuous" ...
## $ Spore Strain : chr [1:100] "LUAm1" "LUAm1" "LUAm1" "LUAm1" ...
## $ Spore Lot : chr [1:100] "2A" "2A" "2A" "2A" ...
## $ Total Spores (M): num [1:100] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ Total ul spore : num [1:100] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ Spores(M)/cm2 : num [1:100] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ Infection Date : num [1:100] 200818 200818 200818 200818 200818 ...
## $ Fixing Date : num [1:100] 200821 200821 200821 200821 200821 ...
## $ Staining Date : num [1:100] 200831 200831 200831 200831 200831 ...
## $ Slide date : num [1:100] 200903 200903 200903 200903 200903 ...
## $ Imaging Date : num [1:100] 200912 200912 200912 200912 200912 ...Looking at the above data, we can see that each entry is in pairs,
with the only difference being in some of the variables like
Plate size and Total Worms. Looking at the
values in the embryos variable we can see pretty clearly
that the original observations in split_embryo_long.df have
been duplicated to accommodate the 2 kinds of metadata entries! There
are a number of way to approach this problem:
- Remove the offending metadata rows from
trimmed_infection_meta.df - See if we can join on multiple rows to avoid this collision -
unfortunately there are not more distinguishing variables in
split_embryo_long.df. - Use the
multipleparameter injointo indicate we only want thefirstoccurrence of matches in our metadata!
4.2.0.2 Joining with multiple variables removes more redundant information
Going back to the start of this section, the additional metadata
columns we identified in section 4.1.1 are also
technically redundant. Let’s see what happens if we use them for the
join step instead. We’ll also incorporate the
multiple parameter to help address our above problem.
# inner_join() on our datasets
split_embryo_long.df %>%
# Remove the experiment column from one of the tables (embryo)
select(-experiment) %>%
# Convert the timempoint data to a character type to match the metadata
mutate(expTimepoint = as.character(expTimepoint)) %>%
### 4.2.0.2 Use the inner join
inner_join(x = ., y = trimmed_infection_meta.df,
by = c("fixingDate" = "Fixing Date", "wormStrain" = "Worm_strain",
"sporeStrain" = "Spore Strain", "sporeDose" = "Total Spores (M)",
"expTimepoint" = "timepoint"),
multiple = "first"
) %>%
# Look at the resulting data structure
str(give.attr = FALSE)## tibble [11,049 x 20] (S3: tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
## $ worm.number : num [1:11049] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
## $ fixingDate : num [1:11049] 200707 200707 200707 200707 200707 ...
## $ wormStrain : chr [1:11049] "N2" "N2" "JU1400" "JU1400" ...
## $ sporeStrain : chr [1:11049] "LUAm1" "LUAm1" "LUAm1" "LUAm1" ...
## $ sporeDose : num [1:11049] 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 ...
## $ expTimepoint : chr [1:11049] "72" "72" "72" "72" ...
## $ spores : logi [1:11049] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE ...
## $ meronts : logi [1:11049] FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE ...
## $ embryos : int [1:11049] 18 7 10 0 12 0 5 9 11 0 ...
## $ experiment : chr [1:11049] "200707_N2_LUAm1_0M_72hpi" "200707_N2_LUAm1_10M_72hpi" "200707_JU1400_LUAm1_0M_72hpi" "200707_JU1400_LUAm1_10M_72hpi" ...
## $ Total Worms : num [1:11049] 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 ...
## $ Plate Size : num [1:11049] 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 ...
## $ infection.type: chr [1:11049] "continuous" "continuous" "continuous" "continuous" ...
## $ Spore Lot : chr [1:11049] "2A" "2A" "2A" "2A" ...
## $ Total ul spore: num [1:11049] 0 56.8 0 56.8 0 ...
## $ Spores(M)/cm2 : num [1:11049] 0 0.354 0 0.354 0 ...
## $ Infection Date: num [1:11049] 200704 200704 200704 200704 200704 ...
## $ Staining Date : num [1:11049] 200803 200803 200803 200803 200803 ...
## $ Slide date : num [1:11049] 200804 200804 200804 200804 200804 ...
## $ Imaging Date : num [1:11049] 200806 200806 200806 200806 200806 ...Looking at the above result, we can see our joined data is slightly smaller. In fact, it’s 100 observations smaller which represents duplicated data from 2 experiments (50 observations per experiment!).
4.2.0.3 Join multiple tables in succession with piping
We’ve successfully joined two tables together but can we join the
result to more meta data? Yes! We’ll continue our data pipe by adding in
the data from spore_dose_info.csv. The labels that relate
spore amounts to their expected severity of infection will be useful in
our exploratory data analysis next lecture!
# Import the spore_dose_info
spore_dose.df <- read_csv("data/spore_dose_info.csv")## [1mRows: [22m[34m23[39m [1mColumns: [22m[34m4[39m
## [36m--[39m [1mColumn specification[22m [36m------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------[39m
## [1mDelimiter:[22m ","
## [31mchr[39m (2): sporeStrain, doseLevel
## [32mdbl[39m (2): plateSize, sporeDose
##
## [36mi[39m Use `spec()` to retrieve the full column specification for this data.
## [36mi[39m Specify the column types or set `show_col_types = FALSE` to quiet this message.# What does it look like?
str(spore_dose.df)## spc_tbl_ [23 x 4] (S3: spec_tbl_df/tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
## $ sporeStrain: chr [1:23] "LUAm1" "LUAm1" "LUAm1" "LUAm1" ...
## $ plateSize : num [1:23] 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 ...
## $ sporeDose : num [1:23] 0 5 10 20 0 0.75 1.5 0 0.5 1.5 ...
## $ doseLevel : chr [1:23] "Mock" "Low" "Medium" "High" ...
## - attr(*, "spec")=
## .. cols(
## .. sporeStrain = [31mcol_character()[39m,
## .. plateSize = [32mcol_double()[39m,
## .. sporeDose = [32mcol_double()[39m,
## .. doseLevel = [31mcol_character()[39m
## .. )
## - attr(*, "problems")=<externalptr>Before we join our 3rd dataset in our pipe, we’ll execute a
select() step that will help to reorder our data variables
a bit so that they make more sense for us. Afterwards we’ll join our
data on 3 common variables:
split_embryo_long.df |
spore_dose.df |
Description |
|---|---|---|
| sporeStrain | sporeStrain | The microsporidia strain used for the infection experiment |
| Plate size | plateSize | The plate size used (usually 6cm vs. 10cm). Bigger plates require higher doses, but that changes the corresponding dose level! |
| sporeDose | sporeDose | The total number of spores used |
After joining our data, we’ll want to convert our “doseLevel” variable to a factor since it represents categorical data.
# joined_embryo_long.df <-
# inner_join() on our datasets
split_embryo_long.df %>%
# Remove the experiment column from one of the tables (embryo)
select(-experiment) %>%
# Convert the timempoint data to a character type to match the metadata
mutate(expTimepoint = as.character(expTimepoint)) %>%
### 4.2.0.2 Use the inner join
inner_join(x = ., y = trimmed_infection_meta.df,
by = c("fixingDate" = "Fixing Date", "wormStrain" = "Worm_strain",
"sporeStrain" = "Spore Strain", "sporeDose" = "Total Spores (M)",
"expTimepoint" = "timepoint"),
multiple = "first"
) %>%
# Reformat our columns
select(10, 1, 17, 3:5, 16, 7:9, 6, 13, 11:12, 2, 18:20) %>%
### 4.2.0.3 Perform our join to the spore metadata
inner_join(., y = spore_dose.df, by = c("sporeStrain" = "sporeStrain",
"Plate Size" = "plateSize",
"sporeDose" = "sporeDose")) %>%
# Convert our doseLevel to a factor but define the level order ourselves!
mutate(doseLevel = factor(doseLevel, levels = c("Mock", "Extra Low", "Very Low", "Low", "Medium", "High"))) %>%
# Reorder the data a bit
select(1:7, 19, 8:18) %>%
# write this out to a final version
write_csv(., file="data/embryo_data_long_merged.csv", col_names = TRUE) %>%
# What does the final dataset look like?
str()## tibble [9,902 x 19] (S3: tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
## $ experiment : chr [1:9902] "200707_N2_LUAm1_0M_72hpi" "200707_N2_LUAm1_10M_72hpi" "200707_JU1400_LUAm1_0M_72hpi" "200707_JU1400_LUAm1_10M_72hpi" ...
## $ worm.number : num [1:9902] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
## $ Infection Date: num [1:9902] 200704 200704 200704 200704 200704 ...
## $ wormStrain : chr [1:9902] "N2" "N2" "JU1400" "JU1400" ...
## $ sporeStrain : chr [1:9902] "LUAm1" "LUAm1" "LUAm1" "LUAm1" ...
## $ sporeDose : num [1:9902] 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 ...
## $ Spores(M)/cm2 : num [1:9902] 0 0.354 0 0.354 0 ...
## $ doseLevel : Factor w/ 6 levels "Mock","Extra Low",..: 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 ...
## $ spores : logi [1:9902] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE ...
## $ meronts : logi [1:9902] FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE ...
## $ embryos : int [1:9902] 18 7 10 0 12 0 5 9 11 0 ...
## $ expTimepoint : chr [1:9902] "72" "72" "72" "72" ...
## $ infection.type: chr [1:9902] "continuous" "continuous" "continuous" "continuous" ...
## $ Total Worms : num [1:9902] 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 ...
## $ Plate Size : num [1:9902] 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 ...
## $ fixingDate : num [1:9902] 200707 200707 200707 200707 200707 ...
## $ Staining Date : num [1:9902] 200803 200803 200803 200803 200803 ...
## $ Slide date : num [1:9902] 200804 200804 200804 200804 200804 ...
## $ Imaging Date : num [1:9902] 200806 200806 200806 200806 200806 ...Note that through our joining process we’ve gone from
15,128 observations to 9,902. While we
won’t investigate specifically why, we know that our choice of
inner_join() forces values in x to be dropped
if there are no corresponding entries in y. There are other
join types and parameters we could use if we wanted to
retain all of our original data entries.
4.2.1 Joining data can increase redundancy
Note that we can successfully join our data but there is a caveat: the long-format data represents individual observations. We’ve now added 9 additional columns of data to each observation. Each unique experimental condition set has 50 or more observations! For various statistics (Lecture 06) and analyses, however, this information can be used to look for batch effects or other variables that might influence the populations in our dataset.
Joining and merging datasets is a helpful paradigm in data science. Often working with certain datasets you might find that you want to add information from other sources. Another good example would be RNAseq analysis. After identifying the top hits in your dataset, you are usually left with just a list of transcript names. Meanwhile, expression datasets looking at tissue type, level, timing, function etc., can be found across various databases.
As you expand your search for this information, you may wish to combine it with your analysis rather than just filtering the information through a vector or list of transcript names. Joining your data may be the preferable route to combining these data sets.
Comprehension Question 4.0.0: Time to perform one more join! Recall our summary information generated in section 2.3.0 which results in the object embryo_summary.df. Import and investigate the data file spore_info.txt and join it to the embryo summary data so we can see more information about the microsporidia interactions we’re investigating. View the first 10 observations of the merged data.
# comprehension answer code 4.0.0 part 1
# Import the spore metadata an
spore_metadata.df <- read_tsv("data/spore_info.txt", col_names = TRUE)## [1mRows: [22m[34m7[39m [1mColumns: [22m[34m5[39m
## [36m--[39m [1mColumn specification[22m [36m------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------[39m
## [1mDelimiter:[22m "\t"
## [31mchr[39m (5): spore.strain, spore.species, infection.location, original.nematode....
##
## [36mi[39m Use `spec()` to retrieve the full column specification for this data.
## [36mi[39m Specify the column types or set `show_col_types = FALSE` to quiet this message.# Check out the structure of your tables you want to join
str(spore_metadata.df, give.attr = FALSE)## spc_tbl_ [7 x 5] (S3: spec_tbl_df/tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
## $ spore.strain : chr [1:7] "ERTm1" "ERTm2" "ERTm5" "LUAm1" ...
## $ spore.species : chr [1:7] "N. parisii" "N. ausubeli" "N. ironsii" "N. ferruginous" ...
## $ infection.location : chr [1:7] "intestine" "intestine" "intestine" "epidermis" ...
## $ original.nematode.species: chr [1:7] "C. elegans" "C. briggsae" "C. briggsae" "C. elegans" ...
## $ original.location : chr [1:7] "France" "India" "Hawaii, USA" "France" ...str(embryo_summary.df, give.attr = FALSE)## gropd_df [96 x 4] (S3: grouped_df/tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
## $ wormStrain : Factor w/ 26 levels "AB1","AWR144",..: 10 20 10 14 26 10 12 20 20 10 ...
## $ sporeStrain: Factor w/ 11 levels "AWRm78","ERTm1",..: 6 6 10 6 6 6 6 6 6 3 ...
## $ sporeDose : num [1:96] 20 20 10 20 10 15 10 10 15 1.25 ...
## $ groupMean : num [1:96] 0 0 0.0133 0.0159 0.0267 ...# comprehension answer code 4.0.0 part 2
embryo_summary.df %>%
# Join the data together
inner_join(x = ., ...) %>%
# View the top 10 results
head(10)5.0.0 Example challenges for working with tidy data
We’ve gone full circle from pivoting a wide format dataset to long format, splitting multivariable columns and summarizing on the observations, and reverting the whole thing back to its original form. We’ve also figured out how to combine data tables by joining them! Now it’s time to practice a bit more.
5.1.0 Filter and subset wormSporeDose_summary.df
- Filter
wormSporeDose_summary.dffrom section 2.2.0 to remove all zerosporeDosevalues. - Join this with the spore metadata in
spore_metadata.df - Sort the result alphabetically by spore species name and also increasing dose.
Save the results of these steps in
wormSporeDose_updated.df.
# Open and save the spore metadata to an object. You probably did this already but let's redo it just in case...
spore_metadata.df <-
read_tsv("data/spore_info.txt", col_names = TRUE) %>%
# Convert the spore strain information to a factor. Can you do this on import?
mutate(spore.strain = as.factor(spore.strain))## [1mRows: [22m[34m7[39m [1mColumns: [22m[34m5[39m
## [36m--[39m [1mColumn specification[22m [36m------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------[39m
## [1mDelimiter:[22m "\t"
## [31mchr[39m (5): spore.strain, spore.species, infection.location, original.nematode....
##
## [36mi[39m Use `spec()` to retrieve the full column specification for this data.
## [36mi[39m Specify the column types or set `show_col_types = FALSE` to quiet this message.# Check on the structure of spore_metadata.df
str(spore_metadata.df)## tibble [7 x 5] (S3: tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
## $ spore.strain : Factor w/ 7 levels "AWRm78","Cider",..: 3 4 5 6 1 2 7
## $ spore.species : chr [1:7] "N. parisii" "N. ausubeli" "N. ironsii" "N. ferruginous" ...
## $ infection.location : chr [1:7] "intestine" "intestine" "intestine" "epidermis" ...
## $ original.nematode.species: chr [1:7] "C. elegans" "C. briggsae" "C. briggsae" "C. elegans" ...
## $ original.location : chr [1:7] "France" "India" "Hawaii, USA" "France" ...str(wormSporeDose_summary.df, give.attr = FALSE)## gropd_df [26 x 4] (S3: grouped_df/tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
## $ sporeStrain: Factor w/ 11 levels "AWRm78","ERTm1",..: 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 ...
## $ sporeDose : num [1:26] 3.5 0 0.75 1.25 1.5 0 0.5 1.25 1.5 0 ...
## $ groupMean : num [1:26] 11.4 20.3 18.5 14.4 15 ...
## $ reps : int [1:26] 3 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 6 ...# Save the results of our filtering and joining
wormSporeDose_updated.df <-
# Start by passing the summary data
wormSporeDose_summary.df %>%
# Filter the spore dose values
filter(sporeDose > 0) %>%
# Join this with the spore metadata
inner_join(., y = spore_metadata.df, by = c("sporeStrain" = "spore.strain")) %>%
# Sort the data by spore species and then by spore dose
arrange(spore.species, sporeStrain, sporeDose)
head(wormSporeDose_updated.df, 12)## [90m# A tibble: 12 x 8[39m
## [90m# Groups: sporeStrain [5][39m
## sporeStrain sporeDose groupMean reps spore.species infection.location
## [3m[90m<fct>[39m[23m [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m [3m[90m<int>[39m[23m [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m
## [90m 1[39m ERTm2 0.5 9.92 1 N. ausubeli intestine
## [90m 2[39m ERTm2 1.25 1.25 1 N. ausubeli intestine
## [90m 3[39m ERTm2 1.5 2.11 1 N. ausubeli intestine
## [90m 4[39m LUAm1 10 11.3 7 N. ferruginous epidermis
## [90m 5[39m LUAm1 15 8.76 1 N. ferruginous epidermis
## [90m 6[39m LUAm1 20 7.7 1 N. ferruginous epidermis
## [90m 7[39m LUAm3 10 12.3 3 N. ferruginous epidermis
## [90m 8[39m AWRm78 3.5 11.4 3 N. ironsii intestine
## [90m 9[39m ERTm5 0.2 16.3 1 N. ironsii intestine
## [90m10[39m ERTm5 0.35 16.2 1 N. ironsii intestine
## [90m11[39m ERTm5 0.875 13.2 1 N. ironsii intestine
## [90m12[39m ERTm5 1.25 12.6 1 N. ironsii intestine
## [90m# i 2 more variables: original.nematode.species <chr>, original.location <chr>[39m5.1.1 How many rows in wormSporeDose_summary.df had a
spore dose of zero?
Let’s step back in our process and ask the question of how many rows
of data are actually removed in the process from
wormSporeDose_summary.df.
wormSporeDose_summary.df %>%
# Use filter to pull out the rows we want to view
filter(sporeDose == 0) ## [90m# A tibble: 4 x 4[39m
## [90m# Groups: sporeStrain [4][39m
## sporeStrain sporeDose groupMean reps
## [3m[90m<fct>[39m[23m [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m [3m[90m<int>[39m[23m
## [90m1[39m ERTm1 0 20.3 2
## [90m2[39m ERTm2 0 19.4 1
## [90m3[39m ERTm5 0 18.0 6
## [90m4[39m LUAm1 0 17.9 75.2.0 Convert gapminder_wide to a long format
Read in the gapminder_wide.csv. What rules of tidy data
does it break? Transform the dataset to the format below.
| continent | country | year | lifeExp | pop | gdpPercap |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asia | Afghanistan | 1952 | 28.801 | 8425333 | 779.4453 |
| Asia | Afghanistan | 1957 | 30.332 | 9240934 | 820.8530 |
| Asia | Afghanistan | 1962 | 31.997 | 10267083 | 853.1007 |
| Asia | Afghanistan | 1967 | 34.020 | 11537966 | 836.1971 |
| Asia | Afghanistan | 1972 | 36.088 | 13079460 | 739.9811 |
| Asia | Afghanistan | 1977 | 38.438 | 14880372 | 786.1134 |
- How many rows do you have?
- Save the newly reshaped document as
gapminder_long
Reshape gapminder_wide into a long, cleansed format.
BEFORE you start writing any code,
IDENTIFY the formatting deficiencies and then
PLAN ahead what you want to achieve.
# read gapminder_wide.csv
gapminder_wide <- read_csv("data/gapminder_wide.csv")## [1mRows: [22m[34m142[39m [1mColumns: [22m[34m38[39m
## [36m--[39m [1mColumn specification[22m [36m------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------[39m
## [1mDelimiter:[22m ","
## [31mchr[39m (2): continent, country
## [32mdbl[39m (36): gdpPercap_1952, gdpPercap_1957, gdpPercap_1962, gdpPercap_1967, gd...
##
## [36mi[39m Use `spec()` to retrieve the full column specification for this data.
## [36mi[39m Specify the column types or set `show_col_types = FALSE` to quiet this message.# Take a peek at the data
head(gapminder_wide)## [90m# A tibble: 6 x 38[39m
## continent country gdpPercap_1952 gdpPercap_1957 gdpPercap_1962 gdpPercap_1967
## [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m
## [90m1[39m Africa Algeria [4m2[24m449. [4m3[24m014. [4m2[24m551. [4m3[24m247.
## [90m2[39m Africa Angola [4m3[24m521. [4m3[24m828. [4m4[24m269. [4m5[24m523.
## [90m3[39m Africa Benin [4m1[24m063. 960. 949. [4m1[24m036.
## [90m4[39m Africa Botswana 851. 918. 984. [4m1[24m215.
## [90m5[39m Africa Burkina~ 543. 617. 723. 795.
## [90m6[39m Africa Burundi 339. 380. 355. 413.
## [90m# i 32 more variables: gdpPercap_1972 <dbl>, gdpPercap_1977 <dbl>,[39m
## [90m# gdpPercap_1982 <dbl>, gdpPercap_1987 <dbl>, gdpPercap_1992 <dbl>,[39m
## [90m# gdpPercap_1997 <dbl>, gdpPercap_2002 <dbl>, gdpPercap_2007 <dbl>,[39m
## [90m# lifeExp_1952 <dbl>, lifeExp_1957 <dbl>, lifeExp_1962 <dbl>,[39m
## [90m# lifeExp_1967 <dbl>, lifeExp_1972 <dbl>, lifeExp_1977 <dbl>,[39m
## [90m# lifeExp_1982 <dbl>, lifeExp_1987 <dbl>, lifeExp_1992 <dbl>,[39m
## [90m# lifeExp_1997 <dbl>, lifeExp_2002 <dbl>, lifeExp_2007 <dbl>, ...[39m# Look at the structure of our data
glimpse(gapminder_wide)## Rows: 142
## Columns: 38
## $ continent [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m "Africa", "Africa", "Africa", "Africa", "Africa", "Afri~
## $ country [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m "Algeria", "Angola", "Benin", "Botswana", "Burkina Faso~
## $ gdpPercap_1952 [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m 2449.0082, 3520.6103, 1062.7522, 851.2411, 543.2552, 33~
## $ gdpPercap_1957 [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m 3013.9760, 3827.9405, 959.6011, 918.2325, 617.1835, 379~
## $ gdpPercap_1962 [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m 2550.8169, 4269.2767, 949.4991, 983.6540, 722.5120, 355~
## $ gdpPercap_1967 [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m 3246.9918, 5522.7764, 1035.8314, 1214.7093, 794.8266, 4~
## $ gdpPercap_1972 [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m 4182.6638, 5473.2880, 1085.7969, 2263.6111, 854.7360, 4~
## $ gdpPercap_1977 [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m 4910.4168, 3008.6474, 1029.1613, 3214.8578, 743.3870, 5~
## $ gdpPercap_1982 [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m 5745.1602, 2756.9537, 1277.8976, 4551.1421, 807.1986, 5~
## $ gdpPercap_1987 [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m 5681.3585, 2430.2083, 1225.8560, 6205.8839, 912.0631, 6~
## $ gdpPercap_1992 [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m 5023.2166, 2627.8457, 1191.2077, 7954.1116, 931.7528, 6~
## $ gdpPercap_1997 [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m 4797.2951, 2277.1409, 1232.9753, 8647.1423, 946.2950, 4~
## $ gdpPercap_2002 [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m 5288.0404, 2773.2873, 1372.8779, 11003.6051, 1037.6452,~
## $ gdpPercap_2007 [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m 6223.3675, 4797.2313, 1441.2849, 12569.8518, 1217.0330,~
## $ lifeExp_1952 [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m 43.077, 30.015, 38.223, 47.622, 31.975, 39.031, 38.523,~
## $ lifeExp_1957 [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m 45.685, 31.999, 40.358, 49.618, 34.906, 40.533, 40.428,~
## $ lifeExp_1962 [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m 48.303, 34.000, 42.618, 51.520, 37.814, 42.045, 42.643,~
## $ lifeExp_1967 [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m 51.407, 35.985, 44.885, 53.298, 40.697, 43.548, 44.799,~
## $ lifeExp_1972 [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m 54.518, 37.928, 47.014, 56.024, 43.591, 44.057, 47.049,~
## $ lifeExp_1977 [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m 58.014, 39.483, 49.190, 59.319, 46.137, 45.910, 49.355,~
## $ lifeExp_1982 [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m 61.368, 39.942, 50.904, 61.484, 48.122, 47.471, 52.961,~
## $ lifeExp_1987 [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m 65.799, 39.906, 52.337, 63.622, 49.557, 48.211, 54.985,~
## $ lifeExp_1992 [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m 67.744, 40.647, 53.919, 62.745, 50.260, 44.736, 54.314,~
## $ lifeExp_1997 [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m 69.152, 40.963, 54.777, 52.556, 50.324, 45.326, 52.199,~
## $ lifeExp_2002 [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m 70.994, 41.003, 54.406, 46.634, 50.650, 47.360, 49.856,~
## $ lifeExp_2007 [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m 72.301, 42.731, 56.728, 50.728, 52.295, 49.580, 50.430,~
## $ pop_1952 [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m 9279525, 4232095, 1738315, 442308, 4469979, 2445618, 50~
## $ pop_1957 [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m 10270856, 4561361, 1925173, 474639, 4713416, 2667518, 5~
## $ pop_1962 [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m 11000948, 4826015, 2151895, 512764, 4919632, 2961915, 5~
## $ pop_1967 [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m 12760499, 5247469, 2427334, 553541, 5127935, 3330989, 6~
## $ pop_1972 [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m 14760787, 5894858, 2761407, 619351, 5433886, 3529983, 7~
## $ pop_1977 [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m 17152804, 6162675, 3168267, 781472, 5889574, 3834415, 7~
## $ pop_1982 [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m 20033753, 7016384, 3641603, 970347, 6634596, 4580410, 9~
## $ pop_1987 [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m 23254956, 7874230, 4243788, 1151184, 7586551, 5126023, ~
## $ pop_1992 [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m 26298373, 8735988, 4981671, 1342614, 8878303, 5809236, ~
## $ pop_1997 [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m 29072015, 9875024, 6066080, 1536536, 10352843, 6121610,~
## $ pop_2002 [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m 31287142, 10866106, 7026113, 1630347, 12251209, 7021078~
## $ pop_2007 [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m 33333216, 12420476, 8078314, 1639131, 14326203, 8390505~5.2.1 Issues with gapminder_wide
Observations appear to be split into visible categories based on continent and country (variables 1 and 2) the remaining columns are a combination of:
gdpPercap_year- the GDP per capita for a specific year in that continent/country combinationlifeExp_year- the life expectancy for a specfific year in that continent/country combinationpop_year- the population for a specific year in that continent/country combination
So we are seeing multiple observations per column AND multiple observation types in the table (GDP, life expectancy and population)! What a mess!!
Our first step here should be to pivot the data. We know that the
continent and country variables represent
unique identifier information. The other columns are our observations to
some degree representing 3 categories of data. We’ll save the other
column names into obs_type and their values into
obs_value.
# Let's do a bulk conversion into long format
gapminder_wide %>%
# Pivot the wide data into long format
# Note that this time we've removed some columns as a parameter
pivot_longer(., cols = -c("country", "continent"),
names_to = "obs_type",
values_to = "obs_value") %>%
# Take a peek at the long-format result
head()## [90m# A tibble: 6 x 4[39m
## continent country obs_type obs_value
## [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m
## [90m1[39m Africa Algeria gdpPercap_1952 [4m2[24m449.
## [90m2[39m Africa Algeria gdpPercap_1957 [4m3[24m014.
## [90m3[39m Africa Algeria gdpPercap_1962 [4m2[24m551.
## [90m4[39m Africa Algeria gdpPercap_1967 [4m3[24m247.
## [90m5[39m Africa Algeria gdpPercap_1972 [4m4[24m183.
## [90m6[39m Africa Algeria gdpPercap_1977 [4m4[24m910.5.2.2 Break up a dual-information variable
We’ve generated a long format table but we still have
obs_type as a variable which holds two
kinds of information:
- The observation type (gdpPercap, lifeExp, and pop).
- The year of that observation.
We need to break that up into separate variables. Remember the
separate() function? Let’s use that here!
# Let's do a bulk conversion into long format
gapminder_wide %>%
# Pivot the wide data into long format
# Note that this time we've removed some columns as a parameter
pivot_longer(., cols = -c("country", "continent"),
names_to = "obs_type",
values_to = "obs_value") %>%
### 5.2.2 Separate the data into a category and a year
separate(obs_type, c("obs_type", "year"), sep = "_", convert = TRUE) %>%
# Take a peek at the long-format result
head()## [90m# A tibble: 6 x 5[39m
## continent country obs_type year obs_value
## [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m [3m[90m<int>[39m[23m [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m
## [90m1[39m Africa Algeria gdpPercap [4m1[24m952 [4m2[24m449.
## [90m2[39m Africa Algeria gdpPercap [4m1[24m957 [4m3[24m014.
## [90m3[39m Africa Algeria gdpPercap [4m1[24m962 [4m2[24m551.
## [90m4[39m Africa Algeria gdpPercap [4m1[24m967 [4m3[24m247.
## [90m5[39m Africa Algeria gdpPercap [4m1[24m972 [4m4[24m183.
## [90m6[39m Africa Algeria gdpPercap [4m1[24m977 [4m4[24m910.5.2.3 Use pivot_wider() to widen your table based on a
mixed category observation
We’ve successfully separated our dual-variable in
obs_type and year. However the three
observation types are still trapped in the same variable (aka column)!
Recall this is what we want to have at the end:
| continent | country | year | lifeExp | pop | gdpPercap |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asia | Afghanistan | 1952 | 28.801 | 8425333 | 779.4453 |
| Asia | Afghanistan | 1957 | 30.332 | 9240934 | 820.8530 |
| Asia | Afghanistan | 1962 | 31.997 | 10267083 | 853.1007 |
| Asia | Afghanistan | 1967 | 34.020 | 11537966 | 836.1971 |
| Asia | Afghanistan | 1972 | 36.088 | 13079460 | 739.9811 |
| Asia | Afghanistan | 1977 | 38.438 | 14880372 | 786.1134 |
How do we separate our obs_type variable into 3 new
variables with their associated values? To accomplish this, we’ll have
to take a small step back before we can take a step forward. Send it
back into a slightly wider format!
Note that for this to work, we expect that each observation type
shares the same set of year values as the other observation
types.
# Spread data from obs_type as its contents should be their own variables
gapminder_wide %>%
# Pivot the wide data into long format
# Note that this time we've removed some columns as a parameter
pivot_longer(., cols = -c("country", "continent"),
names_to = "obs_type",
values_to = "obs_value") %>%
# 5.2.2 Separate the data
separate(obs_type, c("obs_type", "year"), sep = "_", convert = TRUE) %>%
### 5.2.3 pivot the table partially wider
pivot_wider(., names_from = obs_type, values_from = obs_value) %>%
# Take a peek at the long-format result
head()## [90m# A tibble: 6 x 6[39m
## continent country year gdpPercap lifeExp pop
## [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m [3m[90m<int>[39m[23m [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m
## [90m1[39m Africa Algeria [4m1[24m952 [4m2[24m449. 43.1 9[4m2[24m[4m7[24m[4m9[24m525
## [90m2[39m Africa Algeria [4m1[24m957 [4m3[24m014. 45.7 10[4m2[24m[4m7[24m[4m0[24m856
## [90m3[39m Africa Algeria [4m1[24m962 [4m2[24m551. 48.3 11[4m0[24m[4m0[24m[4m0[24m948
## [90m4[39m Africa Algeria [4m1[24m967 [4m3[24m247. 51.4 12[4m7[24m[4m6[24m[4m0[24m499
## [90m5[39m Africa Algeria [4m1[24m972 [4m4[24m183. 54.5 14[4m7[24m[4m6[24m[4m0[24m787
## [90m6[39m Africa Algeria [4m1[24m977 [4m4[24m910. 58.0 17[4m1[24m[4m5[24m[4m2[24m8045.2.4 Use select() to rearrange your columns!
We now have 1/3 as many observations (rows) in our data frame because that data has been pivoted into 3 new columns! Just what we wanted. Nearly there! Let’s review what we want as a final data table.
| continent | country | year | lifeExp | pop | gdpPercap |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asia | Afghanistan | 1952 | 28.801 | 8425333 | 779.4453 |
| Asia | Afghanistan | 1957 | 30.332 | 9240934 | 820.8530 |
| Asia | Afghanistan | 1962 | 31.997 | 10267083 | 853.1007 |
| Asia | Afghanistan | 1967 | 34.020 | 11537966 | 836.1971 |
| Asia | Afghanistan | 1972 | 36.088 | 13079460 | 739.9811 |
| Asia | Afghanistan | 1977 | 38.438 | 14880372 | 786.1134 |
It looks like we just need to correc the order of our variables and
sort our data by country to match the requested format.
Recall that select() can reorder our variables and
arrange() can help use to sort our data. After those steps
we’ll save it to file.
# Save the result as
gapminder_long <-
# Spread data from obs_type as its contents should be their own variables
gapminder_wide %>%
# Pivot the wide data into long format
# Note that this time we've removed some columns as a parameter
pivot_longer(., cols = -c("country", "continent"),
names_to = "obs_type",
values_to = "obs_value") %>%
# 5.2.2 Separate the data
separate(obs_type, c("obs_type", "year"), sep = "_", convert = TRUE) %>%
# 5.2.3 pivot the table partially wider
pivot_wider(., names_from = obs_type, values_from = obs_value) %>%
### 5.2.4 re-arrange the column order with select()
select(continent, country, year, lifeExp, pop, gdpPercap) %>%
### 5.2.4 sort the data by country
arrange(., country)
# Take a peek at the long-format result
head(gapminder_long)## [90m# A tibble: 6 x 6[39m
## continent country year lifeExp pop gdpPercap
## [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m [3m[90m<int>[39m[23m [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m [3m[90m<dbl>[39m[23m
## [90m1[39m Asia Afghanistan [4m1[24m952 28.8 8[4m4[24m[4m2[24m[4m5[24m333 779.
## [90m2[39m Asia Afghanistan [4m1[24m957 30.3 9[4m2[24m[4m4[24m[4m0[24m934 821.
## [90m3[39m Asia Afghanistan [4m1[24m962 32.0 10[4m2[24m[4m6[24m[4m7[24m083 853.
## [90m4[39m Asia Afghanistan [4m1[24m967 34.0 11[4m5[24m[4m3[24m[4m7[24m966 836.
## [90m5[39m Asia Afghanistan [4m1[24m972 36.1 13[4m0[24m[4m7[24m[4m9[24m460 740.
## [90m6[39m Asia Afghanistan [4m1[24m977 38.4 14[4m8[24m[4m8[24m[4m0[24m372 786.# How many rows do we have
str(gapminder_long)## tibble [1,704 x 6] (S3: tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
## $ continent: chr [1:1704] "Asia" "Asia" "Asia" "Asia" ...
## $ country : chr [1:1704] "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan" ...
## $ year : int [1:1704] 1952 1957 1962 1967 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 ...
## $ lifeExp : num [1:1704] 28.8 30.3 32 34 36.1 ...
## $ pop : num [1:1704] 8425333 9240934 10267083 11537966 13079460 ...
## $ gdpPercap: num [1:1704] 779 821 853 836 740 ...# Check the directory
getwd()## [1] "C:/Users/mokca/Dropbox/!CAGEF/Course_Materials/Introduction_to_R/2024.09_Intro_to_R/lecture_03_tidy_data"# Write our final data file
write_csv(x = gapminder_long,
file = "data/gapminder_long.csv",
col_names = TRUE)Pretty easy right?
6.0.0 Making a basic exploratory plot with ggplot
Exploratory plots allow us to quickly answer questions about our data
or to get an idea of trends and data distribution. This week the
DataCamp assignment will have you making a few basic plots with the data
that you format. We’ll be discussing plots using the ggplot
package in much more detail next lecture. For
now, here is an overview for producing a basic line or scatterplot using
ggplot.
6.0.1 Every plot needs data, aesthetics, and a
geom_*()
To produce a ggplot object, you need to assign a minimum
of 3 aspects:
ggplot(): this initializes a ggplot object, and requires a dataset of some kind. You set it with the argumentdata.aes(): this sets the details of how your data will be used. For example thexandyaxes are set here, if applicable. You can also define how data are grouped with arguments likecolour,fill, andsize, setting these using variable names fromdata.geom_*(): or geometric object defines the type of plot you want to visualize. The simplest versions aregeom_line()(line graph),geom_bar()(bar chart), andgeom_point()(scatterplots, dotplots, and bubble charts).
6.1.0 Generate a line graph of
split_embryo_long.df
Let’s filter some of our split_embryo_long.df data to
plot as a line graph. To make our plot we’ll:
- Focus on the spore strain LUAm1 at the 72-hour timepoint of infection
- Group/summarise the embryo data for each condition.
- Plot the data to look at mean embryos per dose
We may be able to glean some insights from our visualization!
# Pass the data on
split_embryo_long.df %>%
# filter the data by spore type and timepoint
filter(sporeStrain == "LUAm1", expTimepoint == 72) %>%
# Group the data before summarising it
group_by(wormStrain, sporeStrain, sporeDose) %>%
# Summarise the data to get overall mean embryo counts
summarize(meanEmb = mean(embryos)) %>%
# Plot the data
ggplot(data = .) +
# Set the x and y axis variables, and how you want to colour the lines
aes(x=sporeDose, y=meanEmb,colour=wormStrain) +
# Set the type of visualization to a line graph
geom_line(linewidth = 1)## [1m[22m`summarise()` has grouped output by 'wormStrain', 'sporeStrain'. You
## can override using the `.groups` argument.
6.2.0 Generate a scatterplot from gapminder_long
data
Recall that our gapminder data carries some basic information such as GDP and life expectancy across multiple multiple countries at multiple points in time. Let’s take a more wholesale look at this data and ask if there appears to be a relationship between life expectancy and GDP. We’ll focus just on one year of data to filter out other effects that might be dependent upon the year the data was collected.
# First filter gapminder_long
gapminder_long %>%
filter(year == 2007) %>% # Take a look at just data from our last snapshot year: 2007
# Pass the data to ggplot
ggplot(data = .) +
# Tell ggplot which columns to draw data from
aes(x=gdpPercap, y =lifeExp, colour = continent) +
# Define how you want the plot to be visualized
geom_point()
With just a few lines of code, we can see that the overall trend
suggests that life expectancy is positively correlated with GDP. It’s
not always the case, from the look of some African countries, but that’s
the general trend we see from a 2007 snapshot of data. Next week we’ll
learn even more about using ggplot to visualize our data
and customize its presentation.
7.0.0 Class summary
That’s the end for our third class on R! You’ve made it through and we’ve learned about the following:
- The tidy data format and philosophy.
- Converting wide format data to long format.
- Splitting multivariable columns
- Grouping and summarising data.
- Pivoting a multiple observation column to single observation variables
- Returning data to a wide format
- Joining/merging data across data sets
- A small taste of visualizing data with
ggplot
7.1.0 Submit your completed skeleton notebook (2% of final grade)
At the end of this lecture a Quercus assignment portal will be available to submit a RMD version of your completed skeletons from today (including the comprehension question answers!). These will be due one week later, before the next lecture. Each lecture skeleton is worth 2% of your final grade but a bonus 0.5% will also be awarded for submissions made within 24 hours from the end of lecture (ie 1600 hours the following day). To save your notebook:
- From the RStudio Notebook in the lower right pane (Files tab), select the skeleton file checkbox (left-hand side of the file name)
- Under the More button drop down, select the Export button and save to your hard drive.
- Upload your RMD file to the Quercus skeleton portal.
7.2.0 Post-lecture assessment (6% of final grade)
Soon after the end of this lecture, a homework assignment will be available for you in DataCamp. Your assignment is to complete two chapters from the Reshaping Data with tidyr course: Tidy data (950 points) and From wide to long and back (1300 points). This is a pass-fail assignment, and in order to pass you need to achieve a least 1,687 points (75%) of the total possible points. Note that when you take hints from the DataCamp chapter, it will reduce your total earned points for that chapter.
In order to properly assess your progress on DataCamp, at the end of each chapter, please print a PDF of the summary. You can do so by following these steps:
- Navigate to the
Learnsection along the top menu bar of DataCamp. This will bring you to the various courses you have been assigned underMy Assignments. - Click on your completed assignment and expand each
chapter of the course by clicking on the
VIEW CHAPTER DETAILSlink. Do this for all sections on the page! - Carefully highlight/select the page starting with the course title
(ie Introduction to R) and going to the end of the last section.
Avoid using
ctrl + Ato highlight all of the visible text. - Print the page from your browser menu and save as a single PDF. In the options, be sure to print “selection” or you may not be able to print the full page. It should print out something like what follows, except with more chapter info.
You may need to take several screenshots if you cannot print it all in a single try. Submit the file(s) or a combined PDF for the homework to the assignment section of Quercus. By submitting your scores for each section, and chapter, we can keep track of your progress, identify knowledge gaps, and produce a standardized way for you to check on your assignment “grades” throughout the course.
You will have until 12:59 hours on Wednesday, September 25th to submit your assignment (right before the next lecture).
7.3.0 Acknowledgements
Revision 1.0.0: materials prepared in R Markdown by Oscar Montoya, M.Sc. Bioinformatician, Education and Outreach, CAGEF.
Revision 1.1.0: edited and prepared for CSB1020H F LEC0142, 09-2021 by Calvin Mok, Ph.D. Bioinformatician, Education and Outreach, CAGEF.
Revision 1.1.1: edited and prepared for CSB1020H F LEC0142, 09-2022 by Calvin Mok, Ph.D. Bioinformatician, Education and Outreach, CAGEF.
Revision 1.1.2: edited and prepared for CSB1020H F LEC0142, 09-2023 by Calvin Mok, Ph.D. Bioinformatician, Education and Outreach, CAGEF.
Revision 1.2.0: edited and prepared for CSB1020H F LEC0142, 09-2024 by Calvin Mok, Ph.D. Bioinformatician, Education and Outreach, CAGEF.
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